PREFACE. Music, Painting, Poetry, Astronomy, Arts and
Sciences, Art of Writing, and Chemistry
XIX. A Greek word, from
the verb signifying to mark boundaries. _Temperature_, degree of heat or cold. _Luxuriant_, fertile, flourishing. _Signal_, remarkable, eminent. _Imponderable_, without sensible weight. _Subtile_, thin, not dense, or compact. _Particle_, a small portion of matter. _Aëriform_, having the form of air. _Beverage_, drink, liquor for drinking. _Solution_, the diffusion of a solid through some liquid. _Fusion_, melting, or rendering fluid by heat. It is essential, in
many cases, to their solidity and transparency. _Essential_, necessary. _Transparency_, clearness, the power of transmitting light. _Amphibious_, able to live both in water and out of it. Of what use is this power to vegetables? _Vital_, belonging to life, necessary to existence. _Superfluous_, unnecessary, not wanted. _Aqueous_, watery; consisting of water. _Recede_, to fall back, to retreat. _Fertilize_, to render fruitful. _Intenser_, raised to a higher degree, more powerful. Boiling
deprives it of the greater part of these, and renders it insipid. _Insipid_, tasteless. It is
_supposed_ to be a highly elastic fluid, capable of moving through
matter. To their surfaces, as the outside may be electric, and the inside in a
state of neutrality. _Designate_, to point out by some particular token. _Emit_, to send forth, to throw out. _Transparent_, clear, capable of being seen through. _Resinous_, containing resin, a gummy vegetable juice. Name a few substances possessing this remarkable property. _Electric_, having the properties of electricity. _Repelling_, the act of driving back. _Complicated_, formed by the union of several parts in one. _Functions_, employments or offices of any part of the body. _Contraction_, drawing in or shortening. _Expansion_, extending or spreading out. _Instantaneously_, done in an instant, in a moment's time. _Obscurity_, darkness, want of light. _Variation_, change. _Density_, closeness of parts, compactness. _Harbinger_, a forerunner. _Portals_, gates, doors of entrance. _Reanimating_, invigorating with new life. _Phenomenon_, an extraordinary appearance. The word is from
a Greek one, signifying, to show or appear. _Magnetic_, belonging to the magnet, or loadstone. _Luminous_, bright, shining. In Siberia, where it is remarkably bright. It is uncertain. _Culture_, growth, cultivation. _Hebrews_, the children of
Israel, the Jews
Who were the Athenians? It is extremely fertile, producing
great quantities of corn. The corn of Syria has always been very
superior, and by many classed above that of Egypt. _Evergreen_, retaining its leaves fresh and green through
all seasons. By carefully gathering the leaves, one by one, while they are yet
small, young, and juicy. Two or three times, the furnace each time being made less hot. What produces the difference between Green and Bohea, or Black? The berry of the coffee-tree, a native of Arabia. _Tropical_, being within the tropics, that is, in the Torrid
Zone. _Metallic_, consisting of metal. It resembles the cherry tree, and grows to the height of fifteen or
sixteen feet. In tropical regions, where it is largely cultivated. Where did Cotton anciently grow, and for what was it used? The cotton having been separated from the seed, is spun by a machine
for the purpose. It is next woven, then dressed, and printed. _Web_, any thing woven. The natives of India, and of some
other parts of the world, still employ this simple invention. The word is a corruption from the Greek,
signifying the Ægean Sea. Persian and Turkey
carpets are most esteemed; they are woven in a piece, in looms of a
very simple construction. Linen means cloth of flax; hence its derivation from the
Latin word _linum_, flax. It is used for working in patterns upon it
with wools, &c.; by painters for a ground work on which they draw
their pictures; for tents, sails, and many other purposes. There are
several sorts, varying in the fineness of their texture. It took its name from Damascus, in
Syria, whence it was first brought. _Distil_, to let fall in drops. _Exude_, to force or throw out. It is used in cabinet-making, for boxes, and other articles. The exterior part of trees, which serves them as a skin or covering. _Exterior_, the outside. The bark is to the body of a tree, what the skin of our body is
to the flesh. Of what use is Bark? With paddles, or oars; they seldom carry sails, and the loading is
laid in the bottom. _Dexterous_, expert, nimble. Yes, especially that of the oak; but the best oak bark is used in
tanning. The thick, spongy, external bark of the Cork Tree, a species of oak. In Spain, Italy, France, and many other countries. The greatest quantities are brought from
Catalonia, in Spain. From the West Indies, Jamaica, Mexico, and other parts of America. The dried flower-buds of the Clove Tree, anciently a native of the
Moluccas; but afterwards transplanted by the Dutch (who traded in
them,) to other islands, particularly that of Ternate. _Acrid_, of a hot, biting taste. _Aromatic_, fragrant, having an agreeable odor. In Italy, and is noted for its cathedral. For dresses. At Bologna, a city of Italy. Lyons, the second city of France, where there are large silk
manufactories. _Texture_, a web or substance woven. The Greeks, under Alexander the Great, brought home, among other
Eastern luxuries, wrought silks from Persia, about 323, B.C. Sailing from the coast of
Phenicia, he arrived in Beotia, and built the city, calling it Thebes,
from the city of that name in Egypt. Athens was the
capital of Attica, founded by Cecrops, an Egyptian. Thebes
and Corinth, another celebrated city, are now only villages. _Warrior_, a soldier. _Statesmen_, men versed in the arts of government. _Orator_, a public speaker. _Poet_, one who composes poetry. _Sculptor_, one who cuts figures in stone, marble, or ivory. It, however, long remained a
rarity; their King, Henry the Second, is supposed to have worn the
first pair of knit silk stockings. _Revocation_, act of recalling, repeal. _Imported_, brought into. The people who are employed in the care of these insects collect the
golden balls from off the mulberry trees, (to the leaves of which the
insects glue their silk) and put them into warm water, that the
threads may unfasten and wind off more easily; having taken off the
coarse woolly part which covers the balls, they take twelve or
fourteen threads at a time, and wind them off into skeins. _Milled_, worked in a kind of mill. _Bleached_, whitened. From that country the French learned the art, and greatly improved it. The hair of a kind of goat, common about Angora, in Turkey. It is used
in the manufacture of various kinds of stuffs, shawls, &c.
Is there not another animal much celebrated for the material it
furnishes in the making of shawls? The wool is sent to Cashmere, where it is spun
and dyed. When are they gathered, and how are they dried? Grapes prepared by drying them in the sun, or by the heat of an oven. A soft, luscious fruit, the produce of the fig-tree. The figs sent from abroad are dried
by the heat of the sun, or in furnaces for the purpose. _Luscious_, sweet to excess, cloying. _Nutritious_, wholesome, good for food. Yes, it is usually planted in moist soils, and near rivers, where the
ground can be overflowed after it is come up. _Authentic_, true, certain. _Crusades_, holy wars. _Saracens_, Turks or Arabs. It is cultivated in many parts of Europe, but most
extensively in Egypt, Syria, China, and Hindostan, whence we are
furnished with it, it being rarely cultivated among us, except as a
curiosity. _Esculent_, good for food. The Indians
eat the root when green as a salad, chopping it small with other
herbs; they also make a candy of it with sugar. Its form is round, and its smell agreeable. The nutmeg is inclosed
in four different covers; the first, a thick fleshy coat, (like our
walnut,) which opens of itself when ripe; under this lies a thin
reddish network, of an agreeable smell and aromatic taste, called
mace; this wraps up the shell, which opens as the fruit grows. The nutmeg is much used in our food, and is of excellent virtue as a
medicine. Yes, it is separated from the shell of the nutmeg, and dried in the
sun. Its taste is warm, bitterish,
and rather pungent; its smell, aromatic. It is used both in food and
medicine, as the nutmeg, and also yields an oil. _Pungent_, of a hot, biting taste. The dried unripe berry or fruit of a tree growing in great abundance
in Jamaica, particularly on the northern side of that island, on hilly
spots, near the coast; it is also a native of both Indies. _Essential_, pure; extracted so as to contain all the
virtues of the spice in a very small compass. Sometimes they are only buried in the
ground. The dried fruit of a plant called bird pepper, a native of both
Indies. _Factitious_, made by art, not found in a state of nature. When purified by calcination, it is termed
pearlash. In what year, and where, was the making of glass bottles begun? In 1557, in London. The French. Venice. What, then, would they employ? _Adhesive_, sticky; apt or tending to adhere. _Insoluble_, not capable of being dissolved. _Culinary_, belonging to cooking or domestic purposes. Of what are Needles made? Of what are Pins made? Of brass wire, blanched with tin. _Blanched_, whitened. A large rush, chiefly growing in Egypt, on the banks of the Nile. The plant is
now, however, exceedingly scarce. _Refugee_, from refuge, a place of safety from danger; an
asylum. Where are the Azores situated? In the Atlantic Ocean, about 800 miles west of Portugal. The Portuguese. A city of Northern Italy, on the Mediterranean, between the rivers
Bisagno and Polcevera. It is cultivated in the South of Europe, the West Indies,
and the warm parts of America. Its use is very ancient; it is frequently spoken
of in the Bible, both as in a wild and cultivated state. The promised
land of the Israelites was "a land of oil, olive, and honey." _Lent_, a time of fasting; the time from Ash-Wednesday to
Easter. In the South of Italy. Where are Florence and Lucca situated? In Italy. _Decoction_, act of boiling--a chemical term. _Alembic_, a chemical vessel used in distilling. _Volatile_, easily escaping, quickly flying off. The Whale, the largest and noblest inhabitant of the waters. Ambergris, highly prized in perfumery, is a
product of the sperm whale. Greatly so. _Biennial_, lasting for the space of two years only. _Tart_, sharp, acid. _Structure_, the manner of formation. _Constructed_, put together. _Impenetrable_, not easily penetrated or got through. From Egypt, Syria, Persia, Africa, and the Indies. HATS, STOCKINGS, SHOES, GLOVES, LEATHER, FURS, AND INK. Of what are Hats made? Of felt and wool. They
possess many advantages over the beaver hat, as they are light,
glossy, and durable. Hats are also made of straw, plaited and sewed
together. In the province of Lower Seine, in France; it was formerly the capital
of Normandy. Its food consists of fruit and plants; and in winter, of the wood of
the ash and other trees. Of what are stockings made? Of cotton, silk, or wool, woven or knitted. From Spain, in 1589. Master of Arts, a degree of honor conferred by the Universities. A covering for the foot, now usually made of leather. He was born at Mecca, a city
of Arabia, in 571; and died in 631, at Medina, a city situated between
Arabia Felix and Arabia Deserta. _Friable_, easily powdered. Of what are Gloves made? Those of the chamois, kid, lamb, dog, doe, and many other animals. What are Furs, and how are they prepared? Name a few of the principal furs in use. It is then called
a _stoat_. It dissolves both in cold
and boiling water, but best in the latter. _Spontaneous_, unassisted by art. _Orientals_, inhabitants of the Eastern parts of the world. The blue vitriol is a sulphate of copper,
and the white vitriol a sulphate of zinc. In the making of glass, to color it; in many arts and manufactures;
and in medicine. They are used in dyeing,
making ink, and other compositions. It is used in drawing,
&c., and is brought from China. _Fibrous_, full of fibres or threads. It is insipid; will not dissolve in water; and exposed to the fire, it
neither consumes nor calcines. _Insipid_, without taste. Some of the ancients made themselves clothes of it,
particularly the Brahmins among the Hindoos; it formed wicks for their
perpetual lamps; thread, ropes, nets, and paper were also made of it. _Brahmins_, Hindoo priests. _Marine_, belonging to the sea. _Saline_, consisting of salt. _Artificial_, produced by art, and the labor of man. _Evaporated_, converted into vapor and dissipated. _Fossil_, the remains of minerals or shells dug from the
earth. _Impregnated_, filled, saturated. _Adjacent_, adjoining, lying near, or contiguous. _Primeval_, original, existing before the flood. _Gigantic_, extremely large, greater than the usual size. _Interment_, burial under the ground. A subterraneous excavation, from which coal is obtained. It is a
powerful antiseptic, unalterable and indestructible. _Residuum_, the remaining part, that which is left. _Artificer_, one who works or makes. _Fusible_, capable of being melted by fire. They are
distinguished by their weight, tenacity, hardness, opacity, color, and
peculiar lustre, known as the metallic lustre; they are fusible by
heat, and good conductors of heat and electricity; many of them are
malleable, and some extremely ductile. _Opacity_, want of transparency or clearness. Copper, mixed with a certain quantity of
tin, forms bell-metal. It is an
abundant metal, and is found in various parts of the world. _Sulphuret_, a combination of sulphur with a base. In Sweden, houses are
covered with this metal. A cavity under ground, formed for the purpose of obtaining metals,
&c.; mines are often very deep and extensive. A factitious metal, consisting of copper and zinc. _Factitious_, made by art, not found in a natural state. It is mixed with other substances in the
ore, from which it is obtained by smelting in the furnace. Calamine is mostly found in barren, rocky soils. _Founding_, the art of casting metals. _Pyramidal_, resembling a pyramid. When ripe, it is eaten by the natives either in its natural state, or
bruised in wine. _Medicinal_, fit for medicine, possessing medical properties. _Consecrated_, separated from a common to a sacred use. _Indented_, toothed like the edge of a saw. _Farinaceous_, mealy, consisting of meal or flour; from
_farina_, flour. _Mainland_, the continent. The
kernel is inclosed in a sweet pulp, under a thin, green rind. Ferro, one of the Canary Isles, situated in the Atlantic Ocean. It is of a moderate size, with straight, long,
evergreen leaves; on its top a small cloud continually rests, which so
drenches the leaves with moisture, that it perpetually distils upon
the ground a stream of clear water. _Perennial_, lasting through the year, perpetual. No. In Mexico, they are said to
have a manna which they eat as we do cheese. _Narcotic_, producing sleep and drowsiness. The Turks, and other
Eastern nations, chew it. There are
many different species of this plant, most of them natives of America,
some of the Cape of Good Hope and China. _Herbaceous_, like an herb or plant, not a shrub or tree. _Reprieved_, respited from sentence of death. _Magnanimity_, greatness of mind, bravery. _Mucilaginous_, consisting of mucilage. _Tenacious_, adhering closely. Another sort is not oily, and therefore
dissolves in water only, as gum Arabic, the gum of the cherry-tree,
&c.
_Viscid_, thick, ropy. _Vinous_, having the qualities of wine. _Lymph_, transparent fluid. A great number, though not all commonly in use. Most of the
Acacias produce gums, though the quality of all is not equally good. When were Spectacles invented, and who was their inventor? Lenses. _Vision_, the faculty of seeing. _Navigator_, one who guides a ship. _Steer_, to direct or guide a vessel in its course. _Destination_, the place to which a person is bound. _Practical_, capable of practice, not merely speculative. _Contact_, touch. _Magnetized_, rendered magnetic. East, and West; called the points of the compass. The word is taken from Hermes, the Greek
name for Mercury, the heathen god of arts and learning, and the
supposed inventor of chemistry,[9] which is sometimes called the
hermetical art; or perhaps from Hermes, an ancient king of Egypt, who
was either its inventor, or excelled in it. _Abyss_, a gulf, a depth without bottom. Running mercury is found in
globules, in America, and is collected from the clefts of the rocks. It is used to separate gold and
silver from the foreign matter found with those metals. Calomel, a
valuable medicine, and vermilion, a color, are both preparations of
mercury. _Globules_, small particles of matter having the form of a
ball or sphere. _Terminated_, finished, ended. _Oscillation_, a swinging backward and forward. _Registering_, recording. _Supernatural_, beyond the powers of nature; miraculous. _Explosive_, bursting out with violence and noise. _Liberation_, a setting at liberty. _Engineer_, one who works or directs an engine. _Obstacles_, hinderances, obstructions. A bitter kind of salt, called by the ancients nitre, but more commonly
among us saltpetre. There are
several different-colored marls, each possessing different qualities. The name is formed from two Greek words, one signifying
_far_, the other _to observe_. _Optical_, relating to Optics, the science of vision. _Astronomical_, relating to Astronomy. A most eminent astronomer and mathematician, born at Florence, in
Italy. _Astronomer_, one versed in Astronomy. _Mathematician_, one versed in Mathematics; a science which
treats of magnitude and number. _Investigate_, to search, to inquire into. _Manual_, performed by the hand. _Minute_, small, diminutive. _Reflection_, a turning back of a ray of light after
striking upon any surface. _Mechanical_, belonging to Mechanics. By John Fitch, of Pennsylvania. _Imbibe_, to drink in, to absorb. Of what are Candles made? _Cylindrical_, having the form of a cylinder. _Extracted_, drawn from. _Flaky_, having the nature of flakes. _Concrete_, grown together, solid. _Crevice_, a rent, a crack. The tree which produces it is
large, straight, and about sixty feet high. The Indians make of it boots, shoes, bottles, flambeaux, and a species
of cloth. _Flambeaux_, torches burnt to give light. Polypus signifies having many feet, or roots; it is derived
from the Greek. _Myriads_, countless numbers. Sponge is very useful in the arts, as well as for
domestic purposes. The general name of zoophytes, or plant animals,
has since been applied to them. _Series_, a course or continued succession. _Glands_, vessels. _Exuded_, from exude, to flow out. _Architect_, one who builds. _Surf_, the white spray or froth of the sea waves. _Reef_, a chain or line of rocks lying near the surface of
the water. _Extinct_, at an end, dead. _Shoals_, shallows; places where the water is of little
depth. _Minor_, less, smaller than others. _Existence_, being. _Diameter_, a straight line through the middle of a circle. This coral
lies in vast banks, which are uncovered at low water. _Plastic_, yielding, capable of being spread out or moulded. _Agent_, an actor; a person or thing possessing the faculty
of action. _Essential_, necessary. The greater
access the air has to a burning body, the more rapid and complete is
the process. _Combustible_, capable of taking fire. _Access_, the means or liberty of approach to anything. _Salutary_, wholesome, healthful. _Noxious_, hurtful, unwholesome. _Putrefaction_, decay. _Orifice_, opening, hole. _Effervesce_, to froth or foam up. _Deposited_, placed on anything. _Porous_, full of holes, or interstices. _Statues_, figures of men, animals, &c., cut in stone or
marble. _Statuary_, one who makes statues. _Deities_, fabulous gods or goddesses. _Idolatrous_, given to the worship of idols. _Superior_, higher in rank. _Inferior_, of a lower rank. _Sage_, a wise man. It, however, generally occurs in
a metallic state, and most commonly in the form of grains. It is used for money, jewelry, plate, &c. It is also employed in
various ways in the arts. It is indestructible by air, water, or fire. _League_, a measure of length containing three miles. _Indestructible_, incapable of being destroyed. Where are the richest Silver Mines found? _Volatilized_, made to fly off by evaporation. Native, or pure silver is chiefly found in the mines of Potosi. Though tin is the lightest of all metals, its ore is,
when rich, the heaviest of all metallic ores. Where are the principal Tin Mines? In Saxony, Cornwall, and Bohemia. Tin is also found in Spain, Sumatra,
Siam, Mexico, and Chili. A few specimens have been found at Goshen, in
Massachusetts. _Specimens_, samples. _Obstruct_, to stand in the way. _Flexible_, yielding, easily bent. _Sonorous_, giving sound when struck. _Refining_, cleansing, purifying. _Varnishes_, preparations for beautifying and preserving
various articles. _Infects_, corrupts. _Culinary_, adapted to the purposes of cooking. _Pernicious_, hurtful, dangerous. _Insoluble_, incapable of dissolving. _Infusible_, not capable of being melted. No; because, in reality, there is not a particle of lead in it. The best and greatest quantity is found in England, in a mine near
Keswick, in Cumberland. _Analogous_, bearing a resemblance. _Diminutive_, a word lessening the meaning of the original. Mostly from Russia, and, also from South America. _Permanent_, lasting. They are
divided into two classes, the malleable and the brittle metals. _Alchemist_, one skilled in Alchemy. It is used in various chemical experiments, and for
making matches; for various kinds of fire-works, &c. It will combine
with all metals except gold and zinc; and also with some earths. It is used in the making of small
shot, and also in the manufacture of glass, to which it gives
transparency; in whitening copper; in calico printing; in the
preparation of colors for the painter; and in the working of platina,
and some other metals, to render them more easily fusible. From a Greek word, signifying _masculine_--powerful (as a poison). There are
many different kinds of precious stones, each distinguished by its
peculiar character. Sometimes they are found of irregular shapes, with a rough coat, in
mines and the clefts of rocks. Pearls, though not stones, are also
ranked among the number of gems. _Pellucid_, clear as a drop of water. _Semi-pellucid_, half pellucid. Where are they mostly found? Where are Rubies found? _Counterfeited_, imitated with a view to defraud. _Genuine_, true, real. _Device_, that which is formed by design. How is engraving on copper, steel, &c., performed? When taken off, an exact copy of the plate is impressed upon its
surface. _Expeditiously_, with celerity or dispatch. _Economically_, with economy; with frugality. _Tinged_, slightly colored. _Compartment_, a division, a separate part. _Remotest_, most distant. _Quadruped_, an animal with four feet. _Sediment_, matter subsided to the bottom of liquors. _Pulverization_, the act of reducing to powder. _Adulterated_, corrupted by foreign mixture. A flour is also prepared from it, which is used
for making bread. _Population_, inhabitants of a place or country. It is then well salted,
and packed up in barrels ready for sale. It
is largely exported to Italy, where it is highly esteemed. _Husbandman_, one who cultivates the fruits of the earth. _Altar_, the place where sacrifices were anciently offered
to some deity. The word is appropriated in a more particular manner to the fermented
juice of the grape; but nearly all vegetable productions may be made
to afford wine. That produced from Apples is called Cider; that from
Pears, Perry. _Appropriated_, applied to. A Still. _Product_, thing produced. Malt is barley prepared by being steeped in water and fermented, and
then dried in a kiln. It is used for making beer, &c.
Of what are Hops the produce? A spirit obtained from molasses, the fluid which drains from sugar
while it is crystallizing. _Exportation_, the act of sending articles from one country
to another. _Acetous_, sour. _Vinous_, wine-like. _Brilliancy_, brightness. Dissolved in water, it forms a beautiful and useful color for the
painter. How, and from what part of the tree is it taken? In this
state it is called _rough_ camphor, and is thus exported. The Greeks
and Romans do not appear to have been acquainted with this valuable
drug; and we are indebted to the Arabians for a knowledge of it. It is a firm, dry, crystal matter, with a hot, sharp, aromatic taste. _Preservative_, a preventive of decay. It inhabits the woods and
forests, where the natives hunt it down. It was formerly in high esteem, but is at present very little
used, except to increase the power of other perfumes. Its smell is strong, but not disagreeable. _Primitive_, early. Yes, the Terebinth or Turpentine Tree of Palestine and the East. The gum, or rather the resin, distils from the trunk. _Incision_, a cutting. _Costly_, expensive. Of what are Bricks composed? _Crude_, in the rough, unbaked state, just as they were
formed. _Descendants_, those descended from a particular person or
family. _Frustrated_, prevented. _Monument_, anything by which the memory of persons or
things is preserved. _Scheme_, plan, intention. _Emigrated_, removed from one country to another. _Dispersed_, separated. _Minuteness_, particularity. The country of Assyria, in Asia. The city was so
strongly fortified, both by nature and art, as to be thought
impregnable. _Fortified_, defended. _Impregnable_, incapable of being taken or destroyed by an
enemy. The King of Babylon. A temple of a circular form which was dedicated to all the Gods, or
all the Saints. _Circular_, having the form of a circle, round. _Residence_, dwelling, habitation. _Mosque_, a Mahommedan temple. _Expelled_, turned out. _Abolished_, annulled, made void. _Facilitate_, to render easy. _Vetoed_, withheld assent to. It is remarkable for the beauty
of its colors, its hardness and durability. _Mass_, a body, a lump. _Compacted_, joined together. _Granulous_, consisting of small grains. _Isolated_, alone, separated, detached. _Stratified_, consisting of strata or beds. _Detach_, to separate. _Invaluable_, extremely valuable. _Geologist_, one who studies the science of Geology. _Huge_, very large. _Ponderous_, heavy. _Simple_, easily read. _Progressive_, moving forwards. _Organization_, formation or structure of bodies. Name them. _Silicious_, consisting of flint. _Transition_, change from one state to another. _Argillaceous_, clayey, consisting of clay. _Chaotic_, resembling chaos, confused. _Alluvial_, deposited from water. _Petrified_, hardened into stone. _Chemist_, one who understands the science of chemistry. It is of a white color, and possesses a hot, caustic taste. _Specific_, belonging to its particular species. _Utility_, usefulness. _Eruption_, an issuing or breaking forth with violence. _Ejected_, thrown out. In France, Spain, Portugal, and many other countries, there
are districts which show the former existence of volcanoes, which have
long been extinct; near Naples, in an area of two hundred square
miles, there are sixty craters, some of them larger than Vesuvius; in
one of these, the town of Cumea has stood for three thousand years. Some of them are permanent, but others, after a time,
disappear. _Subterranean_, underground. _Precede_, to go before. _Vent_, opening. _Terrific_, full of terror, dreadful. ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, USE OF MONEY, NAVIGATION. _Capacity_, state, condition. _Probably_, most likely. _Edifice_, a building. _Notion_, idea. _Durable_, lasting. _Inscription_, something written or engraved. _Hieroglyphics_, emblems by which words were implied. _Implied_, signified, denoted. _Posterity_, succeeding generations, descendants. _Triangular_, three-sided, having three angles. _Diminishing_, growing smaller. _Receptacle_, the place in which a thing is deposited. _Founder_, one who establishes or erects. _Mystery_, profound secresy. The Greeks and Romans, from whom we derive it, also greatly excelled
in this art. _Hindoos_, inhabitants of Hindostan, in India. _Harmonious_, corresponding in all its parts with equal
beauty and elegance. _Picturesque_, like a picture. _Saxons_, inhabitants of Saxony, a portion of Germany. _Semi-circular_, only half circular. _Devoid_, free from, destitute. The Greeks were famous for their works in ivory;
the great master of the art of carving statues in it was Phidias. _Gaul_, the ancient name of France. _Model_, pattern. No; from the time of the Emperor Constantine, sculpture, and the rest
of the fine arts, gradually revived. He was born in
1757. _Servile_, slavish, mean. _Itinerant_, wandering. John of Padua, a pupil of Michael Angelo, was master of works
to Henry the Eighth. _Invasion_, hostile entrance upon the rights or possessions
of another. _Architectural_, belong to Architecture. _Sculptural_, belonging to Sculpture. _Attainment_, the act of arriving at or reaching. _Anticipated_, expected, foreseen. In France,
sculptors of some talent are mentioned as early as the sixteenth
century. Paul de
Cespides, and in the eighteenth century, Philip de Castro, were the
most eminent among them. _Current_, generally received, passing from hand to hand. _Commercial_, carrying on commerce or trade. _Fluctuation_, unsteadiness; a wavering. _Suppressed_, put aside, hindered from circulation. _Relics_, remains. _Erroneous_, wrong, in error. _Apparent_, manifest, made to appear. _Vicinity_, nearness, neighborhood. _Traffic_, Trade, commerce. Which was the more ancient city, Tyre or Sidon? Sidon,--having been built, as is supposed, soon after the Flood, by
Sidon, the eldest son of Chanaan. _Transferred_, removed. _Capital_, chief city or town in a state or kingdom. Their name is derived from the word _Sara_, a
desert. _Desolation_, destruction, ruin. _Institutions_, laws, regulations. A people who settled in Gaul; from them it took the name of Franconia,
or France. In Central Italy. _See_, the seat of episcopal power; the diocese of a bishop. _Episcopal_, belonging to a bishop. _Archbishop_, the presiding bishop of a province. _Adriatic Sea_, a name given to the Gulf of Venice. _Conspired_, united together in a plot. Inclosed within land, or remote from the ocean. _Decisive_, final, conclusive. It was formerly a flourishing
republic, but belongs now to Italy. _Zeal_, devotion, enthusiasm. _Avarice_, an excessive desire of gain. _Annexing_, adding, joining. _Intimate_, close. MUSIC, PAINTING, POETRY, ASTRONOMY, ARTS AND SCIENCES, ART OF
WRITING, AND CHEMISTRY. _Festival_, a rejoicing, a feast, a season dedicated to
mirth. _Ocular_, known or seen by the eye. _Demonstration_, the act of proving with certainty. _Tube_, a pipe; a long hollow body. _Modulating_, forming sound to a certain key. _Pre-eminent_, surpassing others. A King of Egypt, who is said to have reigned some ages before the
siege of Troy. _Perpetuate_, to preserve from extinction; to continue the
memory of a person or event. Troy, anciently called Ilium, was the capital of Troas, in Asia. _Achievement_, a great or heroic deed. _Patron_, benefactor, one who bestows favors. _Cartilage_, a gristly, smooth, solid substance, softer than
bone. _Vibratory_, shaking. The heathen god of eloquence, letters, &c., and the messenger of the
other gods. The god of music, poetry, medicine, and the fine arts. Of what are the strings of the Lyre, &c., composed? Sometimes of either brass or silver wire, &c., but most commonly of
catgut. _Oil Colors_, those colors which are mixed up with oil, as
the others are with water. _Allusion_, reference. _Decorating_, ornamenting. _Sicyon_, a kingdom of Peloponnesus, in ancient Greece. _Era_, age, period. _Ethiopia_, the ancient name of the kingdoms of Nubia and
Abyssinia, in Africa. _Annal_, record, history. _Exploit_, action, achievement, deed of valor. _Distorted_, having a bad figure. The people are very ingenious, and the
arts and sciences are held in great esteem by them. In all respects,
Japan is an important and interesting empire. _Monarchy_, a government in which the power is vested in a
king or emperor. By the Greeks and Romans. In Italy, on the west of the Tiber, which separated it from the
territory of ancient Rome, to which it was afterwards annexed by
conquest. _Annexed_, united. _Irruption_, inroad, invasion. A great Pope, who was an ardent lover and patron of learning and the
arts. He was born at Florence, in 1475, and died in 1521. Of the _Flemish_, Rubens, Teniers, Jordaens, and Vandyck. Parchment, ivory and plaster were the other materials. _Evidence_, testimony, record. At last,
being deserted by his army and the senate, he destroyed himself, after
a reign of fourteen years. _Debauchery_, wickedness. _Glowing_, warm, energetic. _Impassioned_, full of passion, animated. _Rhyme_, the correspondence of the last sound of one verse
to the last sound or syllable of another. Name a few of the ancient poets. The Greeks. Most of the works of the ancients have in
sentiment, if not in spirit, been translated into English. _Miracles_, wonders. _Genius_, natural talent. _Respective_, particular. _Sentiment_, thought, meaning. In Italy, Dante, Ariosto, Petrarch and Tasso. _Impartially_, justly, without prejudice. _Historical_, relating to history. _Lyric_, pertaining to a lyre. _Didactic_, doctrinal; relating to doctrines or opinions. _Elegiac_, relating to elegy; mournful, sorrowful. _Satirical_, severe in language; relating to satire. _Satire_, a poem in which wickedness or folly is censured. Some choose, however, to attribute it to the
Hebrews; others to the Egyptians,--from whom, they say, it passed to
the Greeks. By the ancients. _Phenomena_, appearances. _Ingenuity_, skilfulness. _Constellation_, a cluster of fixed stars; an assemblage of
stars. _Observatory_, a place so built as to command a view of the
heavens. _Philosopher_, one who studies philosophy. _Philosophy_, all knowledge, whether natural or moral. The
term is derived from the Greek, _philos_, lover, and
_sophia_, wisdom. _Geniuses_, men gifted with superior mental faculties. _Mental_, belonging to the mind. _Satellites_, attendants. _Patronage_, support, favor. _Constituted_, appointed to any particular office or rank. _Pension_, yearly allowance of money. Science relates to
principles, and art to practice. The word art is derived from a Greek
word signifying utility, profit. _Pecuniary_, relating to money. _Military_, belonging to soldiers, or to arms. The word is formed from _alpha_,
_beta_, the names of the first two letters of the Greek
alphabet. _Untutored_, ignorant, unlearned. _Deciphered_, read, understood, made out. _Unintelligible_, that cannot be understood. _Expounded_, explained, interpreted. For stone, brass, &c., a chisel was employed. Yes. The Greeks,
Latins, and all European nations, write from left to right. Where are Cochin China, and Corea? Corea is a
peninsula of Asia, subject to China. _Practical_, relating to action, not merely speculative. _Compound_, mixed. _Antediluvian_, before the flood. _Proficients_, those who have made great progress in any art
or science. _Requisite_, necessary. _Delusion_, an error arising from false views. _Preposterous_, absurd, foolish; contrary to nature or
reason. In chemical language, it means the separation of a compound body into
its simple elements. Of what use are the two remaining substances, Hydrogen and Carbon? In the above sense, the system of the universe; the creation, the
works of God. All bodies are either solid, liquid, or aeriform. Fluidity is,
apparently, a medium between the two. _Analytical_, relating to analysis. _Investigation_, act of searching, or tracing out. _Subordinate_, inferior in nature, dignity or power. _Indispensable_, necessary, not to be done without. Yes. If one end of a straw be dipped into a vessel of water and the
other end be sucked, the liquid will rise to the mouth. Wells so named because they were made first at Artois, in France. The bobbin is placed on one pole of the
magnet, so that the wire is as it were steeped in the magnetic space
round the pole. It was invented, almost simultaneously, by Alex. Another source of light is the result of chemical action, such as the
lime, magnesium, and electric light. It is used in
soldering silver, brass, etc. Such an arrangement is called a
couple, or cell. If many cells are connected, then it is called a
battery. Both are then run through a press, and on being taken out
the paper is found to form a perfect mould. There are
bodies which are natural magnets, and they are called permanent
magnets. It was 12 miles long, and the
signals were made by small bells. Samuel F.B. These cause a westward flow, known as
the equatorial current. Here it is further heated, and rushes out through
the only outlet, the Straits of Florida. The Mt. It is on the
crest of the Cottian Alps, about 16 miles south-west of the summit of
Mt. Cenis Pass. _Col_, a defile. _Inception_, beginning. _Indomitable_, not to be subdued. _Persistent_, inclined to hold firm. Elias Howe. He was born at Spencer, Mass., July 9, 1819. INDEX.