(Amsterdame, 1602), tome xvi, no. iv. Capture of van Noordt's admiral's ship; ut supra, p. 46. Consequently he
touches more on the practical everyday affairs of the islands, and in
his narrative shows forth the policies of the government, its ideals,
and its strengths and weaknesses. As being one of the first of published
books regarding the Philippines, it has especial value. Cagayan
is first pacified, and the town of Nueva Cáceres founded. On his
return he brings from Rome "many relics, bulls, and letters for the
Filipinas." Accordingly
a Franciscan, Juan Pobre, full of pity for the unfortunate men, casts
in his lot with them and voluntarily remains behind. THE EDITORS
May, 1904. EN MEXICO. DEDICATED
TO DON CRISTOVAL GOMEZ DE
Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Cea. IN MEXICO. At the shop of Geronymo Balli, in the year 1609. In my judgment it is entertaining, profitable,
and worthy of publication. FRAY GARCIA, archbishop of Mexico. I entreat your Excellency to
accept my good will, which is laid prostrate at your feet; and should
this short treatise not afford that pleasure, which self-love--that
infirmity of the human mind--leads me to expect, will your Excellency
deal with me, as you are wont to deal with all, and read this book
and conceal its imperfections with the exercise of your toleration
and gentleness. They have led the inhabitants of these
regions to a knowledge of the true God, and into the fold of the
Christian church, in which those peoples now live, governed in civil
and political matters with peace and justice, under the shelter and
protection of the royal arm and power, which were wanting to them
when weighed down by blind tyrannies and barbarous cruelties, on
which the enemy of the human race had so long reared them for himself. Consequently they may
justly raise in those islands the pillars and trophies of Non plus
ultra which the famous Hercules left on the shore of the Cadiz Sea,
which were afterward cast down by the strong arm of Cárlos V, [4]
our sovereign, who surpassed Hercules in great deeds and enterprises. For the people of those regions are valiant and warlike
nations of Asia, who have been reared in continual warfare, both by
sea and by land, and who use artillery and other warlike implements,
which the necessity of defending themselves against great and powerful
neighboring kingdoms, taught them to use skilfully; and--although
somewhat imperfectly--they have gained dexterity and have completed
their education in the school of España, which recently brought war to
their gates--thus sharing the experience of other provinces of Europe,
who also had formerly been ignorant and careless of the use of arms. Thus equipped, he
set sail and discovered the strait to which he gave his name. Fray Andres de Urdaneta left the court
for Nueva Españia, [13] for, as he was so experienced and excellent
a cosmographer, he offered to go with the fleet and to discover the
return voyage. The
natives held the image in great reverence, and it wrought miracles
for them in times of need. Fray Andres de Urdaneta and his associate, Fray Andres de
Aguirre, sailed in the vessel. The adelantado heard that there were other islands near Sebu,
abounding in provisions, and accordingly sent some Spaniards thither
to reduce the natives to peace, and bring back rice for the camp. Ships were
provided for the annual voyage to Nueva España, which return with the
usual supplies. By virtue of this despatch, Guido
de Labazarris, formerly a royal official, took the office and was
obeyed. He
assigned to himself the towns of Betis and Lubao in the province of
Pampanga, besides others of some importance. The captain having coasted along and reconnoitered Borneo,
returned with his fleet to Manila, on account of the advanced season
and lack of provisions. Thence the governor sent him to España,
with authority from himself and from the islands, to confer with
his Majesty upon several matters that he desired to see carried out,
and upon others which would prove advantageous to the islands. The bishop erected his
cathedral in the city of Manila, by apostolic bulls, with prebends paid
by the royal exchequer, until there should be tithes and ecclesiastical
revenues to maintain themselves. The fire
increased so rapidly that all the city was burned in a few hours,
as it was built of wood. There was great loss of goods and property,
and some persons were in danger. The city was rebuilt with great
difficulty and labor, leaving the Spaniards very poor and needy. Then they began to attend to the
affairs both of justice and of war and government, to the great profit
of the country. It took some water at Ylocos, where
the secretary and the religious were abandoned. Thus ended
his administration, after he had ruled somewhat more than three years. Then they sent Captain Don Juan Ronquillo del
Castillo and other captains with two frigates (for there were no other
vessels) in pursuit of the galley, a fruitless attempt, for the galley
was nowhere to be seen. With this hope, both
of them with the best ships and crews of the fleet, set sail together
for Manila with the utmost speed. Thereupon the
licentiate Pedro de Rojas and those devoted to him became more anxious. The
same was done by the soldiers whom Don Luys had with him, and by the
fleet. But they desisted from the attempt
when they found the city with more troops than ever. This was very
shortly known in España, by way of India, letters having been sent
to Venecia [Venice], through Persia; and immediately they set about
appointing a new governor. Both reached
España, and each spoke as his interests demanded. In all this
he was opposed by Ortega. Thereupon Licentiate
Pedro de Rojas was promoted to the office of alcalde of Mexico,
and Doctor Antonio de Morga was appointed by his Majesty to take the
latter's residencia, and to the office of lieutenant-general of the
Filipinas. Accordingly they captured him, and the Siamese king
seized the present which he carried off with the other captures to his
country. Among them all they agreed to persuade Governor Don Luys to
send a fleet to Camboja to aid King Langara who was living in exile and
stripped of his kingdom. Accordingly
he despatched the fleet to the kingdom of Camboja at the beginning
of the year ninety-six, which is generally one week's voyage. On the
other hand, he dismissed the Siamese who had accompanied Belloso,
without any definite answer to the embassy of the king of Siam,
to whom he sent in return for his presents, some products of the
country, which he thought appropriate. This they did, killing many Chinese and seizing their
ships and all their cargo. They
crossed the river, arms in hand, late at night, and as silently as
possible. The
Spaniards defended themselves valiantly, and continued their march
until embarking without the loss of a single man, while the Cambodians
returned to the city with some of their men killed and wounded. When the latter went ashore, they seized
and kept him there. While these things were happening in Camboja and Cochinchina, orders
had arrived from España from his Majesty to conclude an agreement
that Captain Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroa had made with Gomez Perez
Dasmariñas, under which the former was to pacify and settle the island
of Mindanao at his own expense, and receive the governorship of the
island for two lives [58] and other rewards. This
resolution appeared injurious in many respects, and the attempt was
made to rectify matters. But in order not to disturb the affairs
of Mindanao, the matter was left alone for the present, until time
should show the course to be followed. He was brought to Manila, where he died
while his trial was being conducted. Thereupon the king of Terrenate despatched a
numerous fleet of caracoas and other boats to Mindanao with cachils
[65] and valiant soldiers--more than one thousand fighting men in
all--and a quantity of small artillery, in order to force the Spaniards
to break camp and depart, even could they do nothing else. Consequently the
latter turned their attention more to the main fort, and reduced the
number of men in the smaller forts on Buquil River and other posts,
mouths, and arms of the same river. The enemy having gallantly advanced to the very fort of
the Spaniards with all their vessels and men, attacked and stormed it
with great courage and resolution, in order to effect an entrance. The
Spaniards within resisted valiantly, and those outside in the galleys
on the river assisted them so effectively that together, with artillery
and arquebuses, and at times in close combat with swords and campilans,
they made a great slaughter and havoc among the men of Terrenate and
those of Buhahayen, who were aiding the former. Thereupon the war was
apparently completely ended, provisions were now to be had, and the
Spaniards with little precaution crossed and went about the country
wherever they wished. At this juncture, the governor's second message to General Don Joan
Ronquillo arrived, to which the latter replied that he was already
in La Caldera, and could not return to the river. The adelantado, two of
his brothers-in-law, and many of his people died there. [67] There he took in water and numbered his forces,
which amounted to about four hundred persons. Their bodies, legs, arms, hands,
and even some of their faces, were all marked after the fashion of
these Bissayans. And do not think this
exaggeration, for it was so. Among them was one who was thought to be a palmo
taller than the tallest man of our fleet, although we had in the
fleet men of more than average height. When they
heard it they all swam ashore, seized their weapons, and at the sound
of a conch threw a few stones at the ships and threatened us with
their lances, for they had no other weapons. There seemed to be many inhabitants, for we saw them
on the rocks and on the beach. It has a circumference of about three leguas. We did not ascertain
whether it was inhabited or not, for we did not stop there. Much of it was eaten green,
roasted, and boiled. Scarcely any
of it, except a little husk, has to be thrown away. Then
near by there is a stream, from which the boats drew a full supply
of water. The Indians fled to the forests and rocks, where they
fortified themselves and tried to do some mischief, by throwing
stones and rolling down rocks, but they never wounded anyone, for
the master-of-camp restrained them, by placing outposts. The Indians
of this island, on seeing one of our negroes, made signs toward the
south, saying that there were men like him there, and that they were
wont to go there to fight; that the others were armed with arrows; and
that they make the journey thither in certain large canoes which they
possess. Whether they were inhabited or not, we could not tell,
for we did not go to them. That year appeared to be one of talk, of
which I speak with anger. )],
[77] and many cocoanuts. The Indians endeavored to prevent
us; but as the arquebus tells at a distance, upon seeing its deadly
effects, their hostility was lukewarm, and they even gave us some of
the things that they possessed. They have
small single-masted canoes for use about their villages; and some
very large ones to use in the open sea. Disease
was rampant among our men and many died for lack of care, and the
want of an apothecary and doctor. At this juncture arose confusion and a diversity of
opinion among the men aboard. Accordingly they altered their
course for that country, and after six days sighted the coast and
country of Xapon, at a province called Toça; [83] and although they
tried by day to reach the land, at night, when they lowered the sails,
the tide carried them away from it. General Don Matia de Landecho and his companions, in order
to lose no time, resolved to send their ambassadors to court with a
valuable gift from the ship's cargo for Taicosama, to beg him to order
their departure. Given on the first of Echo, and second of the
moon. To Doctor Morga, lieutenant-governor of Manila, whom may God protect,
etc., Manila. Farewell, Doctor! Six of
us are friars of St. Francis, and eighteen are native Japanese. It is said that next year he will go to Luzon, and that
he does not go this year because of being busy with the Coreans. General Don Mathia and the Spaniards of the ship, naked
and stripped, left Japon. ], and caused great poverty among the Spaniards. With this reply and a letter of the
same purport for the governor, Don Luys Navarrete was dismissed. They number about
three thousand men, and have their own lord and king. The bishop of
Sebu, Fray Pedro de Agurto came also. There the president,
auditors, and fiscal took their seats and received the ministers and
officials of the Audiencia. Then they went with their ships to Cochinchina, whence the
two chofas went to Lao, to find the king of this land. To Doctor Antonio de Morga, Lieutenant-governor of the Filipinas
Islands of Luzon, in the city of Manila, whom may our Lord preserve. At this juncture, what would
have become of our reputation had we retired when the advantage was on
their side? Accordingly, in
order to assure our lives we were obliged to seize their ships and
to strengthen ourselves by means of them, since the Chinese began
the war. All this was written out and signed by us. All this was
told us by some Christians among them, especially by a young mestizo
from Malaca who lived among them and knew their language. Accordingly we
attacked them, and such was our good fortune that we killed the king
in the fight. Then we retired to our ships with great difficulty,
without the loss of a single Spaniard. We did not allow the king's
house to be sacked, so that it might not be said that we had done
this to rob him. At this juncture, the captain and sargento-mayor,
our leader, arrived. Accordingly, as soon as we arrived in Cochinchina,
the captain sent Diego Belloso and myself to Lao, and Captain Gregorio
de Vargas to Tunquin. Finally we reached
Lanchan, the capital and the royal seat of the kingdom. It has mines of gold, silver, copper, iron,
brass, [sic] and tin. It produces silk, benzoin, lac, brasil, wax, and
ivory. There are also rhinoceroses, many elephants, and horses larger
than those of China. [100] It is a rich country,
and everything imported there is very expensive. Then we declared our embassy,
and asked for the heir of the kingdom in order to take him to our
ships and thence to his own country. The youth wished to come, but his mothers [101] would not
consent to it. We were to send them advices
from there, whereupon they would send him under a large escort. While these things were happening
in Lao, the following occurred in Camboja. Not finding us in
Chordemuco, where our ships had been lying, he sent boats to look
for us as far as the bar. Thus for
the time being Chupinanu ruled as king, and the camp was disbanded,
each man going to his own home. But in order that what
follows may be understood, I will tell who these Malays are. Then the
usurper gave them lands for their maintenance, and made them great
mandarins. At this juncture arrived the
ambassador who had fled from Lao as we reached Lanchan. Other boats were sent to the bar to receive the Spaniards,
and make friendly terms with them, sending for that purpose certain
Spaniards there. But on seeing that he was coming on a
peaceful mission, they lost their apprehension. A fort was built there,
and a request for more men sent to Lao. The men from
Lao delayed, and no answers were received to the letters. All trusted in this man,
and immediately we set out for that place. The king,
before whom this matter was brought, replied that the matter lay
between us two, and refused to mingle in those affairs. The ruler of Chanpan seized
them, and they have not returned. The wars continued, in all of
which the Spaniards and Japanese took part. Consequently we gained great reputation and were
esteemed by our friends and feared by the enemy. At
last, I, aided by Spaniards, killed him; then his sons were captured
and killed. Then we
returned to the war. The king
was greatly delighted at the arrival of the father and wished to build
him a church. When we asked the
king for justice in this matter, the latter ordered his mandarins to
judge the case. Thereupon the king quite disregarded the
Laos, and persuaded us and the Japanese to take up arms again and
defend him. This we
did, I, the Spaniards, and the Japanese who were on my side. Thereupon we went to the king, and requested him not to let
them go without doing justice, unless he wished to break friendship
with Luzon and Malaca. Accordingly we all negotiated for ten praus,
and followed them. We are
greatly esteemed by the king and his men, and by those native here;
and greatly feared by foreigners. Accordingly we receive great respect
in all parts of the kingdom. They have bestowed upon Captain Diego
Belloso and myself the title of grandee, the highest in their kingdom,
so that we may be more respected and feared, and better obeyed. Some of our
enemies impress this fact upon him, especially the Moros. Moreover
it is very important to possess a fortress on the mainland, since it
is the beginning of great things. I say this on account of
his mother, aunt, and grandmother, who rule and govern, for he only
does as they tell him. He
sends two ivory tusks, and a slave. But when they were in Lao,
they promised very vast lands. But if what is done is not sufficient
to provide for them, let the mercy of God suffice. Will your
Grace do me the favor to protect my affairs, so that they may gain
some merit by your favor. [105] Accordingly, an agreement was made with
him on the above basis. He began preparing ships, men, and provisions, in order to
sail as soon as possible. There it was many times in danger of shipwreck,
and parts of the cargo were thrown away daily. There the two met, with much regret
by the one at Don Luis Dasmariñas's loss, and with much satisfaction
by the other at finding there Don Joan de Çamudio and his men, who
provided them with certain things that they needed. Consequently I was
obliged to go to Canton, where the Sangleys, who conveyed me and
those who left the ship with me, accused us of having killed three
Sangleys. They are people
who, the less they are admitted, the better will it be for us in every
respect. But I believe that we shall regret it,
when, perchance, we are deprived of it. What
are we to do then, if they wish to seize everything? He was a man of intelligence and reason, and it is
said that he is a scholar. There
are seven fathers, among whom is one called Father Riçio, [114]
an associate of Father Rugero who went to Roma. The
affairs of Camboja are in a good condition, and we shall arrive there
at a seasonable time, if it be our Lord's will that we leave this
place with good auspices. I entreat your Grace to help us, since it
is of so great importance. From the
port of El Pinal, frozen with cold, the twenty-third of December,
ninety-eight. He kept his weapons
ready and the artillery loaded, and was on his guard day and night. And
he was not mistaken, for the people of Macan resolved to attack him in
order to seize him. Thereupon all joined together,
Portuguese and Castilians, and informed Prauncar and his mandarins
of the arrival of Alférez Luis Ortiz with his galliot and companions,
saying that they were part of a large fleet which would shortly arrive,
and that Don Luis Dasmariñas was coming in it in person, with religious
and men to aid and serve the king, in conformity to what he himself
had requested in his letter to Manila, several months before. His name was Don Antonio Malaver, and he had been
a soldier in Italia. Then they began
to treat with King Prauncar on their own account concerning their
establishment and comfort, and to request lands and rice for their
maintenance and other things which had been promised them, alleging
that they did not derive the necessary usufruct and profit out of
his concessions to Belloso and Blas Ruis. Consequently, the Spaniards spent the time in
going to and fro between their quarters and the city to negotiate
with the king, with whose answers and conversations they sometimes
returned satisfied and at other times not so much so. Among them Alférez Luys Ortiz, commander of the galliot,
had both legs run through and was in great danger. He took with him Fray Joan Maldonado, the latter's associate, and
some few Spaniards. Thereupon a fresh insurrection
broke out, the provinces revolted, each man seized whatever he could,
and there was more confusion and disturbance than before. This was quickly done, for the captain and the
soldiers of the garrison waited for nothing more than to dismantle
the fort and leave. Accordingly they prepared their fleet,
and appointed as leaders and commanders of it two of the experienced
chiefs, of the river of Mindanao, called Sali and Silonga. Then they landed one thousand
five hundred men armed with arquebuses, campilans, and carasas, and,
without stopping on the way marched against the Spanish town which
was the object of their attack. Then they sailed for
Mindanao, making a great show of grief and sorrow, and sounding their
bells and tifas. Consequently the
pretensions of Faranda Quiemon to make an expedition against Manila
ceased altogether, and nothing more was said about the matter. The two armies met, and the battle was fought with
all their forces. Victory was declared in his favor, after the death of many
soldiers and lords. Consequently, although he was carefully sought, he could
not be found, until, after Taicosama's death and Daifu's seizure
of the government, he came to Miaco. Also his Japanese were to sail thence to Nueva
España, where they were to enjoy the same amity and trade. Thereupon Daifu appeared
favorable and more inclined to the affairs of Manila than Taico,
his predecessor, had been. Having imprisoned more than four hundred men,
he had them all crucified. There was also to be commerce
and friendship with the viceroy of that country. Accordingly he contented himself with remaining at
the mouth of the bay, moving about with both ships and their boats,
and going from one side to another on various days, in order to seize
the vessels coming to the city with provisions, and not allowing one
to escape him. The captains and private soldiers of the city, who were
receiving neither pay nor rations from the king, but who could go
on the expedition, did not offer their services to the governor;
and if anyone were ready to do so, he dissembled until knowing who
was to be commander of the fleet. In the name of
the latter, the governor orders him to do and accomplish the above. Thus he provided and ordered,
and affixed his signature thereto. Thereupon may your Lordship order and provide
what may be found most expedient, and as such he will fulfil it. With this object in view,
the fleet spent the thirteenth of December, St. Lucy's day, in making
waist-cloths, arranging the artillery, getting ready the weapons,
alloting men to their posts, and preparing themselves to fight on
the next day, on which it was thought that they would fall in with
the corsair. XI of this series, pp. It grappled his flagship on the port side, sweeping
and clearing the decks of the men on them. The enemy, who had retreated
to the bows below the harpings, upon seeing two ships attacking
him with so great resolution, sent to ask the auditor for terms
of surrender. Thereupon they made
off and went away, in order to prevent others from taking it away
from them. The admiral and the Dutchmen of his
company were garroted by orders of the governor. Thereupon the action
and fight continued on both sides, and lasted more than six hours,
during which the artillery, musketry, and arquebuses were repeatedly
discharged in all quarters. He did not receive
any reward for his services, nor any salary, expenses, or any other
recompense. The Indians
wore the gold chains and other things of the ship around their necks,
and then hung them to the trees and in their houses, like people who
had no knowledge of their value. At daybreak,
the general went ashore with the small boat and had the ship made
fast to some rocks. He mounted the artillery in the best position for use,
and kept his men ready for any emergency. All this was with the object of
detaining the captain in that place, which is very unhealthy, until the
rains should set in, his provisions run short, and the arrival of the
expected aid. The
Spaniards pursued them, wounding and killing to the middle of the
hill. Upon many other days, efforts were made to reach the fort,
but without any result. Thereupon Gallinato, in consideration of the
war being prolonged beyond what had been expected, built two forts,
one where he kept his ships in order to defend them and the port;
and the other one-half legua farther on in a suitable place where
they could take refuge and communicate with the camp. The forts were
built of wood and fascines, and fortified with the artillery from the
ships. The captain was
charged to return quickly with the answer. The king
was even inclined to seize the artillery of his ship, for which he
had a great longing. There was a Portuguese of the Order of St. Dominic in
Odia, who had been residing in that court for the last two years,
administering to the Portuguese who carried on trade in that
region. Thereupon the Siamese reascended the
river, and the ship put to sea badly misused. The ship
went to Malaca with its cargo, where everything was sold there by the
probate judge. To Doctor Morga, in the Filipinas Islands, from the king of Tidore. With this despatch,
Chiquiro sailed for Japon with his ship, but was so unfortunate
on the voyage that he was wrecked off the head of Hermosa Island,
and neither the vessel nor its crew escaped. Thence the
captain advised the court of Miaco that he had been unable to reach
Quanto. Thereupon it returned to Manila. He gave Daifu what he had brought, which
pleased the latter greatly. The supplies furnished them
did not suffice for all their necessities, and the price was not
suitable. The
ship did the same, and with their artillery they killed several of
the Japanese. With this warrant the Spaniards left that port
and recovered what had been taken from them. Consequently, they did not dare to enter the town or its
bay, but crossed over to Mindoro, where, in the principal town, they
captured many men, women, and children among the natives, seizing their
gold and possessions, and burning their houses and church, where they
captured theprebendary Corral, curate of that doctrina. Then he went in pursuit of him, although somewhat
slowly. The enemy put into the river of a little uninhabited island
to get water and wood. Accordingly they
left the river in haste, and took to flight, throwing into the sea
goods and slaves in order to flee more lightly. Thereupon they left
the royal houses again, and at the doors mounted in their chairs on
the shoulders of their servants, who were dressed in red, and were
carried to their lodgings, where the governor ordered them to be
supplied fully with whatever they needed during the days of their stay. When they
had landed, they asked the prisoner if that was the island of which
he had spoken to the king, and he replied that it was. Thereupon the archbishop and other religious warned the
governor and the city, publicly and privately, to look to its defense,
because they felt sure of the coming of the Chinese fleet against it
shortly. With this message and embassy, and many promises, Joan Diaz came
to Manila, where he found Don Pedro de Acuña in the government,
and treated of the matter with him. The captain and sargento-mayor, Joan Xuarez Gallinato, with the ship
"Santa Potenciana" and the men whom he had taken in it to Maluco in aid
of the Portuguese fleet which Andrea Furtado de Mendoça had brought
to assault the fortress of Terrenate, found this fleet in the port
of Talangame. When he had
reached the principal fort, he had all that he could do to plant the
artillery, for the enemy sallied out frequently against the camp and
hindered the work. The enemy, who had sufficient men for their defense, with
a great deal of artillery and ammunition, did much damage in the
camp, whereas the pieces of the battery had no considerable effect,
having but a short supply of powder and ammunition. Consequently what
Gallinato and his men had heard, when they joined the Portuguese fleet,
of the scant supply and outfit which Andrea Furtado had brought for so
great an enterprise, was seen and experienced very quickly. There are no misfortunes in the world, however great they may be,
from which some good may not be gained. These are things which can not be rewarded or paid except by
risking life, honor, and property on every occasion which offers itself
in your service. If I were to
mention to your Lordship the deserts of each and every one of these,
I should never end. Consequently, I shall be glad to know
that your Lordship has shown him many kindnesses, on account of his
services to his Majesty in these regions, and on my own account. The sargento-mayor conducted himself in this war like an excellent
soldier, and he is a man whom your Lordship should regard favorably,
for I give my word that the Manilas do not contain a better soldier
than he, and I shall be greatly pleased if your Lordship honor him
and show him very particular favors on my account. May
our Lord preserve your Lordship for many years, as I, your servant,
desire. The "Santa Ana" was burned on the nineteenth of November,
and the English turned toward home. January 3, 1588, the Ladrones were
reached. At
an anchorage Thomas Ersola, the Spanish pilot, was hanged for trying
to inform the Spanish of the English. Moreouer all the males are circumcised,
hauing the fore skinne of their flesh cut avvay. The
natives promised "both themselues and all the Islands thereabout,
to ayde him, whensoeuer hee should come againe to ouercome the
Spaniards." There are also Mynes of very fine Gold in it, which are in the
custodie of the Indians. Thence the expedition passed through the Moluccas. August 23,
the Azores Islands hove in sight, and on September 9, they put into
Plymouth. There
they met the same experience as the Spaniards from the thievishness
of the natives. Thence the route to the Philippines was continued. "They are
called also the Manillas, from the name of the chief port, and the
city built by the Spaniards. "Some call them the islands of Luçon, because their chief
island is so named. It is said to be quite one hundred leagues in
circumference. Each one enslaved his neighbor, if he could,
and their chief occupation was mutual oppression. This
silver is exchanged for gold, giving four livres of silver for one
of gold. But this traffic is not extensive, since there is enough
gold in Pérou and Chili. There is situated the residence of the Spanish governor,
who rules all the islands. Consequently they were allowed to buy provisions freely,
in return for which the natives demanded money. Some wore a cloth
garment, while some were even clad like Spaniards. They have a priest,
whom the inhabitants of the place revere greatly, so much so that
only lack of priests prevents them from holding all these islands
in servitude; for even in places where there are neither priests nor
Spaniards they have made the people pay tribute." In addition more than four hundred
vessels go there annually from China, from the city and province of
Chincheo, laden with silks and all sorts of merchandise. [167] There are other various
islands about it, also very large." There the usual troubles with the Portuguese began, which
ended in an indecisive naval battle. Thence the return voyage to Holland by
way of the Cape of Good Hope was made. They also
fought with a Siamese vessel, mistaking it for an enemy. There, shortly after, some English vessels were met. The admiral and fifty men went to the captured fort, where
they ran up the Dutch colors. Thence the vessels went in
different directions and on different missions toward the Dutch base
at Bantam. This memorial is as follows. They have gained
an entrance into several countries, where they have fortresses, many
men, and an established government. Consequently they are enabled to
attend to their business with greater certainty and by more convenient
methods than we, for we have to bring men from Holland, who become
weakened by the fatigues of the voyage, while the subjects of the
Portuguese, who live in the country, are fresh and full of health. Then they form their
fleets from them; and the other Spaniards who come from the Manilles
do the same. "But," they
say, "what good does that do us? On the
other hand, if we attach ourselves to the Spanish, they, at least,
protect us in our needs. Consequently our best plan is to
favor the Portuguese, lest they annihilate us." If not, one must
recognize that our affairs will prosper ill. They have their
trading-posts and houses, and are trading there peacefully, while we
are at war against the Portuguese. For, according to my opinion, we could easily attract all the commerce
of nutmegs and mace. Of the clove-trade, it is very difficult for us to render ourselves
masters. We have the product of Amboina, Luho, and Cambelo; but not
that yielded by the Moluccas. The thing does not appear impossible to me, if one wishes to build on a
firm foundation. If
a galley could also be taken to Ternate, it would greatly annoy the
Spaniards.... There are different styles for each nation,
according to their taste, and they make them so in different places
... Consequently, I believe that all the commerce of the Portuguese
in the East Indies depends on Malacca, and that, in order to cut it,
one must take that place. A
Portuguese, one Philippe de Britto, has a fort there, with a
garrison of eighty men. This fort is fifty leagues inland, and Britto
holds the entire country in check. This alarms all the kingdom of Pegu, especially
since it is annoyed by civil wars. That country has immense wealth,
especially in precious gems. We must wait until he knows us better,
and until his mind is disabused concerning the Spaniards. The few years succeeding, events came thick and fast. There are also
30 Portuguese families, 60 or 80 Chinese families, who engage in
different trades, and 50 or 60 Christian Molucca families. "They have another fort between Gammalamma and Malaia, called
Sts. There are thirty-three cast-iron cannon in the first
fort. It is stronger than the other two by its situation, which is
on an elevation. Its garrison is usually 50 Spaniards, and 8 or 10
Papaugos. On the island of Moro, the Spaniards had the forts
Jolo, Isiau, and Joffougho. Juan de Silva is described as a brave, energetic,
and diplomatic man. "Our third fort is that of Tacomma or Willemstad, lying at the
northwest. "In this siege 30 of our men were killed, and 85
wounded. Here the
journal ends. He was attacked by more than 12
vessels at once, but defended himself for a long time. The 'Faucon'
also was carried away, with 22 dead. Van den Broeck returned to Holland June 6, 1630. Thence they coasted the western shores of
South America, and as far as Acapulco in New Spain. At Acapulco, the Spanish received the
Dutch well and some change of prisoners was effected. Consequently, the Dutch fleet, after an ineffectual attempt
to exchange prisoners at Manila, went (March 10) to the Moluccas. Their efforts, first
and foremost, were the establishment of a sound commerce. I. The classes and status
of slaves, and the causes of enslavement are recounted. There are six hundred houses, mostly built of stone,
within the walls, and even more in the suburbs; "and all are the
habitations and homes of Spaniards." THE EDITORS
January, 1907. Then they grounded
upon the coast, in La Pampanga, ten leguas from Manila. Consequently it was regarded
as impossible for those vessels to sail and make their voyage,
inasmuch as the season was now well advanced, and the vessels
were very large and heavily laden, and were deeply imbedded in the
sand. It
was ordered to make its voyage to Quanto, in order to comply with
the desire and wish of Daifusama. This the archbishop and some religious
affirmed and told, publicly and privately. He had often been governor of the latter,
and had many godchildren and dependents. He had become an excellent
Spaniard, and was courageous. [180] They stored there
some rice and other provisions, and weapons of little importance. He asked for twenty soldiers to go to the other
side [of the river], where he would guard the said monastery. The sargento-mayor returned immediately
to the city, where he told of what was being done. There the gates were already shut and all the people,
with arms in hand, manned the walls and other suitable posts, ready
for any emergency, until dawn. The enemy, who now had a greater number
of men, retired to their fort, to make another sally thence with more
force. Consequently they preferred
to remain in their parián, in order to join the victorious side. An
hour's skirmish took place between the two sides, as to which one
would gain the monastery. The enemy retired to his
fort, with a loss of five hundred men. Gaspar Perez returned to his
post, where Pedro de Arzeo was also stationed. After leaving the swamp, they came suddenly
into a large clearing, where the enemy was stationed. That whole night the Spaniards
spent in guarding their wall, and in preparing for the morrow. At this juncture Captain Don Luys de
Velasco entered Manila. The captain was occupied in this for twenty days, and with it
the war was ended. This was very useful, for through them much of the
necessity that the city [of Manila] was suffering was supplied. XIV, in the
second document of that volume.] Among them, when I received them,
the wine made from grapes pleased me greatly. Consequently, it is not at
all advisable that your religion be promulgated or preached in Japon;
and if your Lordship wish to preserve friendship with these kingdoms of
Japon and with me, do what I wish, and never do what is displeasing to
me. This makes me very angry. Consequently, your Lordship will,
in the future, allow no one of the Japanese to come here in the
vessels that come from your country. Accordingly, as soon as the despatches in regard to
this undertaking arrived from España, in June of six hundred and five,
and the men and supplies from Nueva España, which were brought at the
same time by the master-of-camp, Joan de Esquivel, the governor spent
the balance of this year in preparing the ships, men, and provisions
that he deemed necessary for the undertaking. There was a quantity of
artillery of all kinds, ammunition, tools, and provisions for nine
months. It was wrecked there, but
the crew, artillery, and a portion of its ammunition and clothing,
were saved. At this juncture the king of Tidore arrived, with twelve
well-armed caracoas. Having done this, the enemy sent out a crowd of men
to prevent him from occupying it. A skirmish ensued, and the Moros
turned and retreated to their wall. Cuevas followed them so closely
and persisted so long, that he needed reënforcement. The enemy
did the same after him, and abandoned the shed, fleeing in all
directions. Their dead
numbered fifteen men, and the wounded twenty more. Some products of that land
were found, and a great quantity of cloves. I certify this in his Majesty's
name. Given
in Terrenate, April six, one thousand six hundred and six. He lodged the king and his son in a
good house in the settlement, under guard of a company. The king,
his son the prince, and their cachils and sangajes swore homage to his
Majesty. He was received there with acclamations of joy
and praise from the city, who gave thanks to God for so happy and
prompt result in an undertaking of so great weight and importance. The
affair assumed definite proportions, and some on either side wished
to give battle. Lately Oliver del Nort, a Fleming, made the voyage. This letter is
as follows. Consequently, I was singularly
overjoyed at the assurance that your Grace still possessed life and
health. Having them, one can conquer other things; and without them
human treasure has no value. Accordingly
he stationed himself at the mouth of the river to await ships. The
rest that befell, your Grace knows. Oliver de Nort is a native of the
city of Roterdam, and he reached it with an anchor of wood. [209]
He had no other with which to anchor, nor indeed had he any other
left. It is said that this is a very heavy wood of the Indias, and he
has placed it at the door of his house, as a mark of distinction. He
arrived, as I say, with nine men, all told, very much worn out, and as
by a miracle. The
pilot says that he saw the anchor and the book, and what pertains to
the book is stated here. There are many
others on the other side of the line, in the tropic of Capricorn,
which extend for twelve degrees in south latitude. The climates of this island are not harmonious; on the contrary, they
present a great diversity in its different districts and provinces. The same is true of the
other head of the island, opposite China, named Cagayan. They have very black hair, and
thin beards; and are very clever at anything that they undertake,
keen and passionate, and of great resolution. All live from their
labor and gains in the field, their fishing, and trade, going from
island to island by sea, and from province to province by land. These
people are barbarians, and have but little capacity. They are a barbarous
people, in whom one cannot place confidence. They are much given to
killing and to attacking the settlements of the other natives, in which
they commit many depredations; and there is nothing that can be done
to stop them, or to subdue or pacify them, although this is always
attempted by fair or foul means, as opportunity and necessity demand. They have been in revolt and rebellion twice
since the first time when they were pacified; and there has been plenty
to do, on different occasions, in subduing them and repacifying them. They
dress their hair carefully, and regard it as being more ornamental when
it is very black. [226] They anoint it with aljonjoli
oil, prepared with musk, and other perfumes. When an infant is born, they immediately bathe it, and
the mother likewise. They weave cloth and spin cotton, and serve in the houses
of their husbands and fathers. They pound the rice for eating,
[230] and prepare the other food. They are not
very chaste, either single or married women; while their husbands,
fathers, or brothers are not very jealous or anxious about it. It is a wine of the clarity of water, but strong and dry. [236]
The weapons of this people are, in some provinces, bow and arrows. These cover them from top to toe,
and are called carasas [kalasag]. The pommel is open and has two cross bars
or projections, without any other guard. [237] With these they strike
with the point, but more generally with the edge. They have vireys and barangays, which are certain quick
and light vessels that lie low in the water, put together with little
wooden nails. These are as slender at the stern as at the bow, and they
can hold a number of rowers on both sides, who propel their vessels
with bucçeyes or paddles, and with gaones [239] on the outside of the
vessel; and they time their rowing to the accompaniment of some who
sing in their language refrains by which they understand whether to
hasten or retard their rowing. Both yards, with their tackle, can be lowered upon the
gangway when the weather is rough. There are also other
bamboo frameworks for each side of the vessel, which are so long as
the vessel, and securely fastened on. They have other larger
vessels called caracoas, lapis, and tapaques, which are used to carry
their merchandise, and which are very suitable, as they are roomy and
draw but little water. This lumber is very useful
for houses and buildings, and for the construction of small and large
vessels. Consequently, vessels
of any size may be fitted with masts from these trees, made of one
piece of timber, without its being necessary to splice them or make
them of different pieces. Their horns are very small and twisted, and some
cattle can move them. They have a large hump upon the shoulders, and
are very manageable beasts. There are plenty of fowls like those of
Castilla, and others very large, which are bred from fowls brought
from China. There are many buffaloes, which are called carabaos, which
are raised in the fields and are very spirited; others are brought
tame from China; these are very numerous, and very handsome. These
last are used only for milking, and their milk is thicker and more
palatable than that of cows. Ewes and rams,
although often brought from Nueva España, never multiply. Consequently
there are none of these animals, for the climate and pasturage has not
as yet seemed suitable for them. Asses and mules are very rare,
but there are many horses and mares. They have well-shaped bodies,
thick hair, large fetlocks, large legs and front hoofs, which makes
them look like draft-horses. Their heads are rather large, and their
mouths hard. They run but slowly, but walk well, and are spirited,
and of much mettle. [251]
There are many fowls and field birds, and wild birds of wonderful
colors and very beautiful. There are no singing birds suitable for
keeping in cages, although some calendar larks [Calandrias] called
fimbaros, [252] smaller than those of España, are brought from Japon,
whose song is most sweet. There are many turtle-doves, ring-doves;
other doves with an extremely green plumage, and red feet and beaks;
and others that are white with a red spot on the breast, like a
pelican. There are royal, white, and
grey herons, flycatchers, and other shore birds, ducks, lavancos, [255]
crested cranes, sea-crows, eagles, eagle-owls, and other birds of prey,
although none are used for hawking. There are jays and thrushes as in
España, and white storks and cranes. [256] They do not rear peacocks,
rabbits, or hares, although they have tried to do so. There are many very large scorpions in the rivers and creeks,
and a great number of crocodiles, which are very bloodthirsty and
cruel. And although the
people fish for them often and kill them, they are never diminished
in number. These are generally
used as food throughout the entire country. There are many good
sardines, sea-eels, sea-breams (which they call bacocos), daces,
skates, bicudas, tanguingues, soles, plantanos, [260] taraquitos,
needle-fish, gilt-heads, and eels; large oysters, mussels, [261]
porçebes, crawfish, shrimp, sea-spiders, center-fish, and all kinds
of cockles, shad, white fish, and in the Tajo River of Cagayan, [262]
during their season, a great number of bobos, which come down to spawn
at the bar. The
natives said that they had never seen anything like it, nor another
shaped like it. On
its frontal it bore two horns, which pointed toward its back. It was covered with its skin or hide, but
had no hair or scales. It was white, and twenty feet long. Where it
joined the head it was as thick as the thigh, and gradually tapered
proportionally to the tip. It was somewhat curved and not very round;
and to all appearances, quite solid. Many rivers flow into this
lake, and it empties into the sea through the river flowing from it
to Manila. It is thirty
leguas in circumference, and has an uninhabited island in its middle,
where game abounds. [269] They dry and cure these fish in the sun and air,
and cook them in many styles. They like them better than large fish. There is much ginger, and it
is eaten green, pickled, and preserved. There are also quantities of
cachumba [273] instead of saffron and other condiments. This is made from a tree, [274]
whose leaf is shaped like that of the mulberry. It is so strong a mixture, and burns so much,
that it induces sleep and intoxication. It burns the mouths of
those not used to it, and causes them to smart. Wherever they may stop, they
make and use their buyo. In the pariáns, or bazars, buyos are sold
ready made, and the outfit for making them. [280] They put this in a joint of bamboo, and cover it up. There are various herbs
known and gathered by the natives for the same use. Some kill by simply touching them with the hands or feet, or
by sleeping upon them. There are certain poisonous herbs,
with which, when the natives gather them, they carry, all ready, other
herbs which act as antidotes. Accordingly,
when one knows what poison has been given him, it is not difficult,
if recourse be had in time, to cure it, by giving the herb that is
antidotal to such poison. These are shut up in a clean bamboo joint, and covered
over. Ground rice is put in with them,
and they exist thereon. In all parts, seed pearls are found in the ordinary oysters,
and there are oysters as large as a buckler. There are also
very large sea turtles in all the islands. It serves there as money, and those nations trade with it,
as they do with cacao-beans in Nueva España. Some are of medium size, and others are smaller,
and they have certain marks and stamps. These are so highly valued throughout Japon, that they are
regarded as the most precious jewels of their closets and household
furniture. It makes no difference if they are cracked or chipped,
for that does not hinder them from holding the tea. This they do easily, for, when the
moon is in the crescent, they hunt the cats with nets, and capture
many of them. Then when they have obtained the civet, they loose the
cats. It is spun and
sold in the skein to the Chinese and other nations, who come to
get it. Cloth of different patterns is also woven from it, and the
natives also trade that. There are no Spaniards among them,
as those natives are of less understanding and less civilized [than
the others]. Accordingly no Christians have been made among them,
and they have no justices. There are channels at
both ends of the island, where one may enter the bay. The
entire bay is of good depth, and clean, and has good anchorages in all
parts. A large harbor is formed two leguas south
of Manila, with a point of land that shelters it. It
has a good anchorage, with a clean and good bottom. All the shores of this bay are
well provided with abundant fisheries, of all kinds. They are densely
inhabited by natives. Consequently, although the
water is deep enough for any vessel past the bar, still, unless they
are fragatas, vireys, or other small vessels, they cannot pass the bar
to enter the river. There the vessels
that enter to escape the vendaval find shelter, and wait until the
brisa returns, by which to go to Manila, eighty leguas away. It has many settlements of the same natives,
and the side lying next the provinces of Balayan and Calilaya is so
near and close to the island of Luzon, that it forms a strait which
contains powerful currents and races, through which the ships going
to and from Manila enter and leave. There
are also other anchorages and bars throughout this island for smaller
vessels; and many settlements and natives on all the coasts of this
island. On leaving this strait, after having entered by it, three small islets
form a triangle. These are not inhabited, but the others [Capul, Viri,
etc.] South of this district lie the islands of Biçayas, or, as they are
also called, Pintados. They are many in number, thickly populated with
natives. Their bodies are tattooed with many
designs, but the face is not touched. Their
hair is black, long, and drawn into a knot on the head. These are made of all
colors, and they wear collarless jackets of the same material. They have the same occupations, products,
and means of gain as the inhabitants of all the other islands. There are also other ports and bars of less importance
and consideration, as in all these islands, for smaller vessels. There are many natives, who are masters of all
kinds of shipbuilding. Some days there are two equal tides between day and night,
while other days there is but one. At other times the flow during the
day is low, and that of the night greater. Or the tide of
one day may be low, and when a smaller one is expected for next day,
it may be much greater. These
resemble those of the Arabs. The common manner of writing among the
natives is on leaves of trees, and on bamboo bark. Three are vowels, which are used as are our five. The method
of writing was on bamboo, but is now on paper, commencing the lines
at the right and running to the left, in the Arabic fashion. Almost
all the natives, both men and women, write in this language. There
are very few who do not write it excellently and correctly. They are built and tiled with wood
and bamboos, [308] and covered and roofed with nipa-palm leaves. Each
house is separate, and is not built adjoining another. They are built
upon trees and thick arigues, with many rooms and comforts. They are
well constructed of timber and planks, and are strong and large. Some chiefs had friendship
and communication with others, and at times wars and quarrels. For very slight annoyances and for slight occasions, they
were wont to kill and wound them, and to enslave them. There are others who live in their own houses
with their families, outside the house of their lord; and come, at the
season, to aid him in his sowings and harvests, among his rowers when
he embarks, in the construction of his house when it is being built,
and to serve in his house when there are guests of distinction. It happens thus: if either the
father or the mother was free, and they had an only child, he was
half free and half slave. The others are in the same proportion, taking into
consideration the person and his age. Consequently all these
slaveries have violent and unjust beginnings; and most of the suits
among the natives are over these, and they occupy the judges in the
exterior court with them, and their confessors in that of conscience. The dowry was furnished by the man, being given by his parents. The
wife furnished nothing for the marriage, until she had inherited
it from her parents. At night the man took the woman to his house and into his
power, and there she remained. The Indians were adopted one by another, in presence of the
relatives. Thereupon he remained
in his house and care, and had a right to inherit with the other
children. If he died, the second son succeeded. But if she had no children, she remained a slave. Loans with interest were very common and much practiced, and the
interest incurred was excessive. There are often delays and terms for
certain payments, and bondsmen who intervene and bind themselves,
but always with very usurious and excessive profits and interests. Neither do the parents, brothers,
or relatives, show any anger, especially if there is any material
interest in it, and but little is sufficient with each and all. With this device, they have communication with their wives,
and are unable to withdraw until a long time after copulation. These
were experienced witches and sorcerers, who kept the other people
deceived. All this was
with so little aid, apparatus, or foundation--which God permitted, so
that the preaching of the holy gospel should find those of that region
better prepared for it, and so that those natives would confess the
truth more easily, and it would be less difficult to withdraw them
from their darkness, and the errors in which the devil kept them for
so many years. But they did not
know how or where this would be. There are also quarters
for the soldiers and artillerymen, and the house of the commandant
[alcayde]. It has its own court, well, and quarters
inside, as well as the magazine, and other rooms for work. It has a circuit
of about one legua, which can be made entirely on top. It has many
broad steps of the same hewn stone, at intervals inside. Each and all of them are locked before nightfall by
the ordinary patrols. In the morning when day comes, the patrols return
with the keys and open the city. They have their own officers and workmen, and are placed in
charge of the royal officials. It has its molds, ovens, and tools,
founders, and workmen who work it. [342]
The royal buildings are very beautiful and sightly, and contain many
rooms. They have many windows opening toward the sea and the Plaza
de armas. They are all built of stone and have two courts, with
upper and lower galleries raised on stout pillars. There are also other apartments for the
royal treasury and the administration of the royal officials, while a
large porch opens on the street with two principal doors, where the
guardroom is located. On the ground
floor is the prison, and the court of the alcaldes-in-ordinary. The choir is shut in by railings, and has
its organ, missal-stands, and other necessary things. They are now
completing a church, which is one of the most sumptuous in those
districts. It was built of stone, and was very well
constructed. It has a church, house, and all offices. It is well constructed
of stone, and its church is being rebuilt. There
they study Latin, the arts, and cases of conscience. It is a royal
foundation, and a rectoress lives there. It has
its own house for work, and its choir. They have their own steward and their priest,
who administers the sacraments to them. It was burned in the
conflagration of the former year six hundred and three, and is now
being rebuilt. It was founded in the city of Manila by the Confraternity
of La Misericordia of Lisboa, and by the other confraternities of
India. There the slaves of the city are treated,
and lodgings are likewise provided for poor women. It was founded with
alms, by a holy lay-brother of St. Francis, one Fray Joan Clemente. These are the physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries of the
hospital, and are so skilful and useful, that they cause many marvelous
cures, both in medicine and in surgery. Many are roofed with clay tiling, and
others with nipa. More are daily being built and finished. There
are about six hundred houses within the walls, and a greater number,
built of wood, in the suburbs; and all are the habitations and homes
of Spaniards. Consequently this is one of the settlements most highly
praised, by the foreigners who resort to it, of all in the world,
both for the above reason, and for the great provision and abundance
of food and other necessaries for human life found there, and sold
at moderate prices. One is by land, along the point
called Nuestra Señora de Guia. It extends for about a legua along
the shore, and is very clean and level. This fort mounts some artillery, and
has its own commandant. It has a cabildo, consisting of two alcaldes-in-ordinary,
eight regidors, and an alguacil-mayor and his officers. It has a cabildo, consisting of alcaldes, regidors, and other
officials. It has a church, with its own vicar
and secular priest. Now no mention will be made of it, on account of
what has been said. Consequently they have made--and
there are now in all the islands--a great number of baptized natives,
besides many others in many parts, who, for want of laborers, have been
put off, and are awaiting this blessing and priests to minister to
them. In the Pintados it has many
others on the islands of Sebu, Leite, Ybabao, Camar [Samar], Bohol,
and others near by. They have good men, who are solicitous for the
conversion of the natives. They have recognized the errors of their paganism
and the truths of the Christian religion; and they possess good and
well-built churches and monasteries of wood with their reredoses and
beautiful ornaments, and all the utensils, crosses, candlesticks,
and chalices of silver and gold. Many devotions are offered, and there
are many confraternities. There are many dancers, and musicians on the
other instruments which solemnize and adorn the feasts of the most
holy sacrament, and many other feasts during the year. When he harvests his
rice, they go one day to help him; and the same if he builds a house,
or rebuilds one. There
are many very excellent encomiendas throughout the islands, and they
offer many profits, both by the amount of their tributes and by the
nature and value of what is paid as tribute. After it becomes vacant,
it is again assigned and granted anew. Consequently, when
they should have paid their eight reals, they would have fulfilled
their obligation. Accordingly this rule was initiated; but experience
demonstrates that, although it seemed a merciful measure, and one
favorable to the natives, it is doing them great injury. They easily obtain,
without so much work, the peso of money which is the amount of their
tribute. Consequently it follows that the natives have less capital
and wealth, because they do not work; and the country, which was
formerly very well provided and well-supplied with all products,
is now suffering want and deprivation of them. When any shortage is perceived in the accounts,
a new count is requested and made. Consequently,
all of these slaves who were then in the possession of the Spanish,
and who were natives of these islands, in whatever manner they had
been acquired, were freed; and the Spaniards were forever prohibited
from holding them as slaves, or from capturing them for any reason, or
under pretext of war, or in any other manner. These are done in different ways, and are commonly called
the polo. The same
is done by the religious for the mission, and for their monasteries
and churches, and for their works, and for public works. All this was
conceded to the city by his Majesty, especially for the expenses of
its fortification. The above revenues are also used in receiving
the governors at their first arrival in the country, in the kings'
marriage feasts, and the births of princes, and in the honors and
funeral celebrations for the kings and princes who die. They are all under royal
patronage, and are provided in accordance with the king's orders. This help is given by both Spaniards and natives, very piously
and generously. They are aided also by the stipend given them from
the encomiendas for the instruction that they give there. Consequently
the religious of the orders live well and with the comfort necessary. There are a great number of
them, each one of whom lives and possesses his house in the city and
settlement of Spaniards in whose province he has his encomienda. They
gloried in their arms, and in acquitting themselves valiantly. They are not compelled or
obliged to do this, unless they are encomenderos. Consequently all
have given themselves to trading, as there is no other occupation,
but they are not unmindful of military service. If
the governors would observe that order, it would not be amiss. They
belong to the provinces of Canton, Chincheo, and Ucheo [Fo-Kien],
and sail from those provinces. Purchases of all the above
are made in Manila, and paid in reals and gold. A few smaller vessels also sail from Borneo, during the vendavals. They
belong to the natives of that island, and return during the first part
of the brisas. Consequently every
man knows from his share how much he can export, and only that amount
is received in the vessel; and careful and exact account is taken of
it. Then they start on their voyage at the end of the month of
June, with the first vendavals. Consequently, there is no husbandry or field-labor worthy of
consideration. Neither do the Spaniards work the gold mines or placers,
which are numerous. They are
appointed by his Majesty, and consist of a factor, an accountant, and
a treasurer. They have their clerk of mines, and registrars
of the royal revenues, and their executive and other officials, all
of whom reside in Manila. These are collected from the encomenderos,
in proportion to, and on the account of, their tributes, and amount
annually to thirty-four thousand pesos. Consequently, in these things and
in other dues of less importance that belong to the royal treasury,
his Majesty receives about one hundred and fifty thousand pesos,
or thereabout, annually in the Filipinas. Consequently, since his Majesty's revenues in
these islands are so limited, and his expenses so great, the royal
treasury falls short, and suffers poverty and need. Consequently, the king our sovereign derives as yet no
profit from any revenues of the Filipinas, but rather an expenditure,
by no means small, from his revenues in Nueva España. They have appointed settlements and are engaged in
various trades, and go to the islands for their livelihood. And
since they come in such numbers and are so great eaters, they raise
the price of provisions, and consume them. It is near the river, and its
location is called San Graviel. Each and all, both Christians and infidels, go unarmed and in their
national garb. Their hair is long and very black, and they take
good care of it. The
Christians differ only in that they cut their hair short, and wear
hats, as do the Spaniards. They are a light-complexioned people and tall of body. They have
scant beards, are very stout-limbed, and of great strength. They
are excellent workmen, and skilful in all arts and trades. They have a governor of their own race, a Christian, who has his
officials and assistants. He hears their cases in affairs of justice,
in their domestic and business affairs. Much less can he remain in the city at night,
after the gates are shut, under penalty of death. There are generally some Japanese, both Christian and infidel, in
Manila. These are left by the vessels from Japon, although they are
not so numerous as the Chinese. They have their special settlement and
location outside the city, between the Sangley Parián and the suburb of
Laguio, near the monastery of La Candelaria. They are a spirited race,
of good disposition, and brave. They go bare-headed, and shave the top of the head as far
back as the crown. Their back hair is long, and fastened upon the
skull in a graceful knot. They have scant beards, and are a race of noble bearing
and behavior. Accordingly they return freely, and without opposition,
to their own country. Consequently, there is nothing special to be said
of them, except that care is exercised in receiving and despatching
them well, and seeing that they return quickly to their own countries. As a rule, these ships sail and are despatched at the end of February,
or at the latest by the twentieth of March. Thence, they go to the port of
Cabit. This wind is the ordinary one in the South Sea,
especially in low latitudes. With this they reach a higher latitude, and
the ship is kept in this course until the vendaval returns. Also
many perrillos are seen, and, in turn, all the various signs. Then
the coast is discovered, and it is very high and clear land. And although the
effort has been made, no better or shorter course has been found by
way of the South Sea. He
remained there eight years, during which time he was continually in
office. His book circulated, at least,
in part, in manuscript before being published. ed., London, 1868), will be signed
Stanley, unless Stanley is elsewhere given as authority as above. Pablo Pastells, now of Barcelona. After taking
his degree at Manila, he studied in Spain, France, and Germany. This
motto is seen on his coins, medals, and other works. Argensola commenting on
this fact says: "At this time his friend Serrano was going to India;
and although in different parts, the two navigators died on the same
day, almost under like circumstances." See VOL. [14] See abstract of these instructions, VOL. II, pp. Goiti took possession of Manila for the king, June 6, 1570. III of this series. For the meaning of this name, see VOL. III, p. 148, note 41. This hero, called the Hernán
Córtes of the Filipinas, was truly the intelligent arm of Legazpi. See also VOL. III, p. 73, note 21. "This was one piece of cotton cloth,
in the provinces where cloth was woven, of the value of four reals;
two fanégas of rice; and one fowl. [25] Legazpi dies August 20, 1572. IV, pp. [30] His name was Zaizufa.--Rizal. He attacked the pirate boldly, conquered him,
and frustrated his lofty designs. See VOL. V of this series, pp. 207-209, for his complaints against
the governor. IV, p. 46, and VOL. VI, p. 116. Entering the Spanish
army he went to America, perhaps in 1555. He was
a prisoner, both in England and France, being ransomed by Felipe II
from the latter country. In navigation he was ahead of his times,
as his writings attest. See Lord Amherst's Discovery of the
Solomon Islands (Hakluyt Soc. ed., London, 1901), vol. i, pp. ed., 1895). Argensola gives (Conquistas de
las islas Malucas), some account of Sarmiento's expedition to the
strait in pursuit of Drake. He seems (pp. [34] See letter by Juan de Moron, VOL. VI, of this series, pp. [35] It was divulged by a Filipino woman, the wife of a soldier
(Sinibaldo de Mas).--Rizal. Thence they voyaged to the Moluccas, which were
reached November 14. Next day they anchored at Yerrenate, where they
were welcomed. See Purchas: His Pilgrims (London, 1625), i, book
ii, ch. iii, pp. v, pp. i, vol. iii,
pars viii, pp. ed., London, 1849); W. S. W. Vaux: The world encompassed by Sir
Francis Drake (Hakluyt Soc. ed., London, 1854). [38] See VOL. [40] See references to this expedition, VOL. VIII, pp. 242, 250, 251;
and VOL. XIV. See VOL. X, p. 25, note I, and p. 171, note 19; also Trans. Asiatic
Soc. (Yokohama), vols. vi, viii, ix, and xi. [42] See VOL. VIII of this series, pp. [44] Marikaban.--Rizal. [49] Phra-Unkar. [50] Si-yuthia, or the seat of the kings.--Stanley. [51] Id est, the supercargo, in Chinese.--Stanley. See Reseña biográfica. [58] That is, his son or other heir was to inherit the title. [61] From kalasag, a shield.--Rizal. See also VOL. X, p. 61, note 6. In 1845, they were
visited by d'Urville. H.B. The climate is
unhealthful, and one of the rainiest in the world. See Lord Amherst: Discovery of the Solomon Islands
(London, Hakluyt Soc. [71] The breadfruit, which grows on the tree artocarpus incisa. Its bark exudes a gummy sap, that is used for
snaring birds. For want of areca, the bark is also used by the Indians
as a substitute. [73] Perhaps Sophia Island, which is about this distance from
Lima.--Rizal. There
are numerous varieties, all edible. But it may be a
misprint for the Spanish sagu or sagui, "sago." 2m. [84] From the Japanese funé, boat. This may be etymologically
equivalent to the English word funny, a kind of small boat. [86] See note 85, ante, p. 119. [88] Fushimi, Osaka, and Sakai.--Rizal. [89] See VOL. X, p. 171, note 19. J.J. For the persecutions in this and succeeding administrations,
see Rein, ut supra. J. J. [93] See Stanley, appendix v, pp. The above letter to Morga is published by Santa Ines,
ii, p. 364. [95] Called Alderete in Argensola, doubtless an error of the
copyist.--Rizal. [99] The original is en la puente, which translated is "on the
bridge." We have regarded it as a misprint for en el puerto, "in
the port." [101] That is, his mother and grandmother. The complement of men, sailors and soldiers was only
one hundred and fifty. [108] The island of Corregidor, also called Mirabilis.--Rizal. viii, pp. 32, 33, and book xxi, ch. ii,
pp. lxxix,
pp. i, ch. iiii, pp. 50-53, and ch. x,
pp. [112] Costa in the original, misprinted cosa in Rizal. He was born in Macerata in 1552, and died in
Pekin in 1610. (Reseña Biográfica,
Manila, 1891.) [122] From the Malay tingi, a mountain.--Rizal. A derivative of tifatas, a species of
mollusk--hence a conch; 2. [125] J. J. He was recognized
by Taicosama as his son, but Taicosama was generally believed not to
have been his father. He framed a set of laws, known
by his name, that were in force for three centuries. See also Trans. Asiatic Soc. (Yokohama), vol. iii,
part ii, p. 118, "The Legacy of Iyeyasu." (Murray: Story of Japan, New York, 1894). He sacked the city and killed
many of the inhabitants, leaving the city in ruins. [134] Portuguese, above. [138] Now Punta de Fuego [i.e., Fire Promontory].--Rizal. [143] Van Noordt was not wrecked, as will be seen later in
this work. He professed at the Valladolid convent, where he became
lecturer on philosophy. He was arrested March 15, 1619. Alonso Navarrete y Hernando Ayala de San José, a quarto of thirty
pages. (Reseña Biográfica, Manila, 1891.) From 1616-1621 he was bishop of Nueva Cáceres,
dying in the latter year. Its flowers
grow in clusters, their calyx having five sepals. They are dark gray in color, and are
esteemed most highly by the Chinese and Japanese.--Rizal. ii, p. 267, note 3.) ;
and in spite of the tribute, duty, and other imposts and taxes. He
was later elected prior of the Manila convent, and then definitor. (Reseña Biográfica,
Manila, 1891.) In 1608 he was in Vigan,
his residence. (Reseña Biográfica, Manila,
1891.) iiii, pp. 55-71, "the third circumnavigation of the
globe." vi, pp. 1192-1201, and chap. vii, pp. i, vol. iii,
pars viii, pp. 1-84. [167] The area of England and Wales is 58,186 sq. mi.,
and that of Luzón, about 41,000 sq. mi. XI of this series. At Mexico in the Indias, in the year 1609." See Huerta's
Estado, pp. They attacked
Quiapo, and after killing about twenty people, set fire to it. It is said
that more than 23,000 Chinese were killed. Argensola says
the same thing, and could not have copied Morga, since their works
were published in the same year, in countries very distant from one
another, and the two contain wide differences.--Rizal. See Stanley's edition of Morga, appendix II,
pp. Thus defined by Rein, in his Japan, p. II, Cf. Griffis,
Mikado's Empire, p. 68, note. [194] A flat-bottomed boat, capable of carrying heavy loads. [198] Combés (Mindanao, Retana's ed., cols. [202] Sangajy, a Malay title (Marsden).--Stanley. He is described by
Argensola as of "robust proportions, and his limbs are well formed. His flesh is of a cloudy color,
rather black than gray. His eyes are large and full, and he seems to dart sparks
from them. de Philipinas, iv, p. 103) that these
Japanese were settled in Dilao; and that the immediate cause of their
mutiny was the killing of a Japanese by a Spaniard, in a quarrel. Cf. de Philipinas, iv, pp. (Her. de los Rios)." ), by courtesy of the Boston Public
Library. Le tout translaté du Flamand en
Franchois, . . . Imprimé a Amsterdame. Mercator interprets those
islands as Celebes, Gilolo, and Amboina. [214] Sugbú, in the dialect of the country.--Rizal. Consequently, in its seasons
it is like those of España and those of all the rest of the northern
hemisphere.--Rizal. [233] The fish mentioned by Morga is not tainted, but is the
bagoong.--Rizal. [235] From the Tagál tubã, meaning sap or juice.--Rizal. [236] The Filipinos have reformed in this respect, due perhaps to the
wine-monopoly. [237] This weapon has been lost, and even its name is gone. Balarao, dagger, is a Vissayan word.--Stanley. [241] Karang, signifying awnings.--Rizal and Stanley. Blanco states (Flora, ed. Its
leaves are rounded and as large as the palm of the hand, and are
dark green in color. The wood resembles ebony, is very lustrous, and is esteemed
for its solidity and hardness. It bears
fruit not only on the branches, but on the trunk and roots. The
fruit is gathered when ripe, at which time it exhales an aromatic
odor. On opening it a yellowish or whitish meat is found, which
is not edible. The fruit
has a strong, hard shell. called calanta in Tagál, and lanipga in Visayan. It was used for making
the hulls of vessels, because of its strength and lightness. The wood of the male tree is
pinkish, while that of the female tree is inclined to white. [253] Pogos, from the Tagál pugô.--Rizal. ), which resembles the pogo, being smaller
and of a cinnamon color, which pipes and has an agreeable song. 170, 171. There are thirty-five varieties of doves and
pigeons, all edible. [257] There are now domestic rabbits, and plenty of peacocks.--Rizal. See VOL. XII, p. 259, note 73. The head of this huge reptile
was presented to an American, who in turn presented it to the Boston
Museum. [268] Cf. 309-311, liv, pp. 131, 306-307. [269] A species of fish in the Mediterranean, about three pulgadas
[inches] long. Its color is silver, lightly specked with black. [270] The fish now called lawlaw is the dry, salted sardine. 909-943; Gazetteer of the Philippine
Islands (ut supra), pp. [271] Pahõ. It has a soft pit, and
exhales a strong pitchy odor.--Rizal. [274] Not a tree, but a climber. [276] Not quicklime, but well slaked lime.--Rizal. Rizal is probably correct in
regarding it as a misprint for mascada, chewed. I
imagine it to be the Spanish name, properly spelt buxeta. IV, p. 222, note 31; also Delgado (ut supra),
pp. [280] Tagál, tukõ.--Rizal. XIV, pp. Ind. [287] Jagor, Travels in the Philippines (Eng. Then,
according to the measure of its hull, they make another vessel that
fits into it. On their forehead they wear a band of
very fine wrought gold, two fingers wide. In
each ear they wear three gold earrings, one in the place where Spanish
women wear them, and two higher up. On their feet they wear certain
coverings of thin brass, which sound when they walk." This proves contrary to the opinion of Colin, who places
Tendaya in Leite.--Rizal. "The
children were not tattooed, but the women tattooed one hand and
part of the other. The Negritos,
Igorrotes, and other independent tribes of the Filipinas still tattoo
themselves. In other islands of the Pacific, the women tattoo
themselves almost as much as the men. XII, chapter
vii). [303] Gûbat, grove, field, in Tagál. XII, chapters
xv-xvii. Bahandin may be a misprint for bahayín,
an obsolete derivative.--Rizal. [310] Cf. this and following sections with Loarca's relation, VOL. V,
of this series; and with Plasencia's account, VOL. VII, pp. Argensola says that they ate at the same table with their masters,
and married into their families. In addition, documents of the twelfth century that
exist testify the same thing.--Rizal. The root gílid
signifies in Tagál, "margin," "strand," or "shore." The preposition sa indicates
place, time, reference. Timawá signifies
now in Tagál, "in peace, in quietness, tranquil, free," etc. The
title of mama applied now to men, corresponds to "uncle," "Señor,"
"Monsieur," "Mr.," etc. [316] Namamahay (from bahay, "house"), "he who lives in his own
house." This class of slaves, if they may be so called, exists even
yet. For the people, it was only a change of masters. [318] Inasawa, or more correctly asawa (consort).--Rizal. (Colin).--Rizal. Today, however, they have lost their horror of that crime. [327] From bago, new, and tao, man: he who has become a man.--Rizal. [See
VOL. XII. of this series, chapter xxi.] [332] Cf. Cf. 21, 149; viii, p. 21;
x, pp. The coffin was all in one
piece, and the lid was so adjusted that no air could enter. [333] Kasis. [336] See the king's decree granting this coat-of-arms, in VOL. IX,
pp. 211-215, with two representations of the coat-of-arms. The walls were also rearranged at that
time, and perfected with the lapse of time and the needs that arose
in the city.--Rizal. [353] Better, Maalat. [355] Recopilación de leyes, lib. ii, tit. Felipe III,
San Lorenzo, October 5, 1606. Recopilación de leyes, lib. i, tit. vi,
ley xviii. [367] Cf. 259, 263; etc. II, pp. [371] Recopilación de leyes, lib. vi, tit. vi, tit. Felipe III, Madrid, June 4, 1620. vi, tit. Felipe III, Madrid, June 4, 1620, in Recopilación de leyes,
lib. i, tit. xiii, ley xiv. T. C. MIDDLETON, O.S.A.] [383] Recopilación de leyes, lib. vi, tit. vi,
tit. [389] Recopilación de leyes, lib. iv, tit. [391] In 1890 he received 12,000 pesos.--Rizal. [392] The prebend, in Spanish cathedrals, superior to a canonry. i,
tit. vi. Felipe III,
Lerma, June 28, 1608. iii,
tit. Felipe III, Lerma, July 23,
1605; Madrid, December 19, 1618. iii, tit. x, ley xiii. iii, tit. v, ley iii. [400] A definite law, as is shown in Recopilación de leyes,
lib. iii. tit. Felipe III, Aranjuez, May 25, 1607. Felipe III,
Zamora, February 16, 1602; lib. iii, tit. Felipe III,
Valladolid, August 30, 1608; lib. iii, tit. iii, tit. x, ley xiii. [402] See VOL. XII ("Various documents relating to commerce"),
pp. 57-75. ... [403] See in VOL. VIII, pp. It cannot be woven at all times,
as extreme heat or humidity affects the fiber. This
fabric is stronger than any other of equal fineness, and its color is
unaffected by time or washing. 4d. to 2s. 6d. per yard. (Mr. Consul Farren, January
21, 1851).--Stanley. [407] Delgado (ut supra) says that this fruit (Diospyros kaki,
Linn.) The peel is soft and the interior like honey, and
it contains several seeds. Añover, August 9, 1589. Añover, August 9, 1589. El Pardo, November 1, 1591. El Pardo, November 20, 1606. The
above laws are from Recopilación de leyes, lib. viii, tit. xv. [414] The salary is now [1890] 40,000 pesos.--Rizal. iv, tit. [417] Recopilación de leyes, lib. v, tit. ... Ordinance 97, Toledo,
May 15, 1596. (Ley ix.) Valladolid, January 25, 1605. (Ley x.) The above two laws are taken from Recopilación de leyes, lib. viii,
tit. xxix. iii, tit. [432] A chart of the Indian Ocean, by L. S. de la Rochette
(pub. For these latter islands, see VOL. XIV, p. 272, note 45. [436] Probably the dogfish, a species of shark. The
island of Cenizas is shown, on the old maps, in about 32º, and Cedros
in about 29º. The Marias or Tres Marias Islands are Maria Madre,
Maria Magdalena, and Maria Cleofas. . .