15, No. 1, pp. But a healthy society is bound, in a
wholesale way, to have a healthy custom." R. R. Marrett, in Anthropology. Polygamy
7. Houses
40. The tombok, or "thrower"
79. Kinship
88. Feuds
100. War
101. Hibul, or homicide
103. Wounding
105. Alao, or duel
131. Parricide
IV. They have no form of political government: there is, therefore,
no constitutional or statutory law. 1. 123). 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. In case the two individuals are satisfied with each other, that is,
in case they find themselves compatible, and nearly always in case
the girl becomes pregnant and the youth has no reason for misgivings
as to the parentage of the child, the youth, after consultation with
his parents, sends a distant relative or friend, who is not related
to the girl, with betels for a ceremonial conference in which the
hand of the girl is asked in marriage. 10. Likyayu returned 1 natauwinan (4 spears), as the mangdad
of the imbango. 13). 11. (a) Same as (a) above. Then they go home, the boy carrying the bundle of wood. In case the spouses are related, two pigs--a male and a female--are
sacrificed, and the ceremony called ponga is performed. 12. 13. Second. Third. Fourth. Fifth. Sixth. An uncle of the girl caught her,
and held her. They are merely allies. 14. This matter is purely optional with the children,
and is a matter of convenience to them. The father of the girl has, however, a mean advantage, which he
sometimes, though rarely, uses. 15. 75, 94). 17. 17) None
2. 18. 19. Insanity None
7. 13) paid)
8. 11) None
10. 14) sec. 21)
11. 94)
2. 94)
21. 22. 23. They
may not carry this appropriation to themselves too far, however. 25. 26. In case the debt was paid, the
captive was returned; otherwise, he was sold as a slave. 28. Such a marriage, too, would not be congenial. The father
and his kin assist him in his marriage feast and in other feasts that
may be necessary. 29. 31. In case the child has not yet obtained possession of his allotment,
these obligations do not rest upon the child, but are a charge upon
the property allotted him. 34. 35. 36. 37. 39. 40. As
a rule, the land on which these trees stand has no value. 41. 42. 43. But
in many districts, the terraces are not walled. 44. After abandoning a field, the owner still has a
claim on it, but only until such time as the field grows up in weeds,
in which case the labor spent by him in making the clearing may be
fairly presumed to have been undone. After abandonment, the field
regains its fertility slowly. 46. The field is to all
purposes his, except that he cannot sell it. He is the only witness necessary. In case the field be newly planted,
it is sometimes returned to the owner on the agreement that he care
for the growing crop, harvest it, and give the creditor half. 47. A. IV. He
may do this as a matter of malice, or he may do it as a matter of
necessity. 48. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. But if there be only one field, the
bastard takes it. She bore a mestizo child. 57. They can hardly be said to be
rights, however. 58. 59. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 68. Their word binds only themselves, however--not
their principals. This, the usual agreement,
holds between them. 69. 70. IRRIGATION LAW
72. 73. 74. 75. In that case, the kin of
the injured man take all the rest. 76. 80). 77. He is,
of all who take part in the offense, the most likely to be punished. They agree. 78. The tombok, or "thrower." 79. 80. B spears Z. 81. 82. C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and O are now
equally likely to be punished. 83. 84. A child runs in the way, and is killed. 86. In the latter case, if the adulterer made a voluntary
confession of guilt to the offended spouse, without having been
confronted with the evidence, it would be taken as brazen boasting,
and of the nature of an insult. 87. 88. In Sapao and in Asin,
there are four grades. He agrees. 89. 89a. Finally he said, "Let me see your spear." SORCERY
91. Needless to say,
sorcery is always practiced in secret. 92. 93. In trying to protect him, his wife, Dinaon,
was wounded. He killed, it is said, the son of Bahni, another
of his nephews. 4). 14). 95. 75. 96. Once an offense is known, it must be acted on. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. As for example, in the case already cited
(see sec. 54). For example, a number of
men are throwing spears at a mark. A child runs in the way, and
is killed. In case the killer can make the family of the slain
understand the circumstances, only a fine is assessed. (See sec. 106.) In the darkness. Likyayu, the betrothed of his daughter. He asked
him who was there. Pumauwat speared him. Likyayu cried out. Pumauwat
recognized his voice, and carried him home. Likyayu recovered. In case the slain died before his slayer
could agree to provide animals for sacrifice, the latter would
probably be killed by the kin of the slain if he were of a foreign
district. Gimbungan tried to quiet him,
and in so doing aroused his ire. She died. The fine labod
was not, however, demanded of him. 103. 104. In case the element of intent or
carelessness be present, he who inflicts the wounds must furnish
animals for sacrifice, pay the wounded man and his kin a fine,
and stand the expense of a feast to make peace. In case the wounded man lives, the following fine is paid him and
his kin:
(c) Fine of two bakid (two tens) amounting to 72 pesos; fee of
the monkalan, 10 pesos; total 82 pesos. 105. He receives rather a large fee for these
services. 106). 106. Dangale (sacrifices at funeral The animals of this part of the
feast): fine are killed at the funeral
feast of the slain. 4. 107. 108. 2. Dangale (see sec. 106): 1 carabao. 3. Gagaom (see sec. 4. 5. C sees
B in the act. But the murderers were poor people, while the
murdered were wealthy. THEFT
110. * Its equal or equivalent. 111. 112. 113. * Another one like it, or an equivalent of some sort. ARSON
114. This case was not punished. RAPE
117. It is so with
women, he says. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. First. Second. Third. Fourth. Its councils are informal, but its decisions are none
the less effective. In case they should be so
arrayed, the mutual kin try to arrange peace. He receives a fee, called lukba
or liwa. For example, in our own society a man owes a debt which he does
not pay. The
same is true in the Ifugao society. No
one would respect him. They have feuds a-plenty on their
hands already. A pebble is dropped into
it. 129. But if the person be guilty, the knife grips the
hand in its eagerness. 130. In adultery cases, only eggs
are used in the duel. 131. No, you
know that it was a double arm's length to the right. 132. 134. He owes no debts, nor have any
fines been levied against him. 135. The issue
is joined. 136. 137. 138. He received
a slight wound. He was accepted. Pingkihan's wife gave birth
first, the child being a girl. "My wife has given birth to a girl baby," he said. I say the paowa serves these purposes. 140. In the latter case, peace
might or might not be purchased. All his kin of his own generation are tulang (brothers, sisters). 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The father or mother of his wife are ama or ina (father or mother),
by courtesy. 9. Up to this stage, the ceremony is sympathetic magic. said Bugan. "Stay here, Balitok. After
finishing, they chewed betels. She came to Baladong
[Ligaue Gap]. at Balahiang. "Who are you, human?" said the Crocodile. "I am Bugan of Kiangan." "Yes," said Bugan, "that was my intention; for I am searching
for someone to devour me." said the Crocodile. "Yes, for I have become very lonely; for Balitok and I have
no children." The Crocodile chuckled. "Oh, I will not devour you, Bugan,"
he said. "I would shame to devour one so beautiful. Wake him up,
in order that he shall be the one to devour you." She was
terrified, but she conquered her fear. She reached for betels,
and threw them between her teeth. She crushed them. The Shark came into sight. He grunted. "Who are you, human?" he said. "I am Bugan, the wife of Balitok at Kiangan," she said. The Shark chuckled. he said. "Yes, for I want to be devoured because Balitok and I have no
children." "I would shame to do so, for you are a beautiful woman. They ate. "Continue," said the Shark, "into the East Region. She continued the journey. She came to
Lumbut, to the house of Umbumabakal. It terrified her. She threw betels between her
teeth, and put down her fear. "Why, human, are you here?" he said. "I am Bugan, the wife of Balitok." he said. "Yes, for we are childless at Kiangan." "Umbumabakal laughed. "Return to Kiangan," they said. "We will go with you." [Fiat by the priest, i.e., a statement of the priest's will:]
It is not formerly, but now; not to Kiangan that they come but
here to our village of X, in order that they relieve A and B
of childlessness; in order that they increase the life here in
our village of X. They return to Lumbut. They continue
to X. They look
up. "Why, it is our children in X," they say. "Yes," [says the priest,] "for they are childless. Let some be male and some be female. [Fiat by the priests:] It is not then but now; not in Kiangan,
but here in our village of X. It shall be the same with these
children, A and B. Let some be male
and some female. Let their pigs and the chickens, etc., etc. [Tulud.] "We will go now," said Umbumabakal. "All right," said
Bugan. "There is a calling above," said Ngilin. said Umbumabakal. "Yes," said Bugan, "we have kin in the village of X." "Let us thither," say the Gods of Animal Fertility. They come
westward to Tulbung. They continue to X. If he goes to get water, go with him;
if he goes to get wood, go with him; if he goes on a trading trip,
go with him. These are also invoked. Kon-da takon da
monnigi, dola-da 'd Kabunian. "Maid
banting-ko," konan Tumayaban. konan Tumayaban. konan Tumayaban. konan Tumayaban. Ibaga-da
punbagaan da. Balinan
di hapihapito-ko. "Oadda tugun," konan Tumayaban. "Om," konan Bugan. Agan ud
Kulab. Mondayu ud Iwakal. Buduan-da ud Uhat. Agwatan ud Nungimil. Abatan
ud Boko. Agan-da ud Pugu. Humabiat
ud Domok. Dongolon-da tugun. Monbanong ud Kabonwang. Agwatan ud Tudunwe. konana. Balinan-yo. Banabanan-yo. They fed their
dogs. And then, indeed, they sent them on the chase. They came up with their dogs, and there, it is
said, they speared the quarry. "I have no flint and steel," said Tumayaban. "Let me have fire, Bugan." said Bugan. said Tumayaban. said Tumayaban. said Tumayaban. May my words carry shame to him. "There is a calling," said Tumayaban. "Yes," said Bugan, "we have kindred above." They continue to Pangibautan. they say. They continue to Tobal. They come
out at Uhat. They wade at Nungimel. They continue to Pugu. They hear it there. They wade at Tudunwe. They arrive and, "Why, it is Barton and Patikwal," says
Tumayaban. "There is Kodamon. Make him ashamed. He arrived
in Kiangan. "You have spoiled the flat stone," said Balitok. "I did not spoil it," said Amtalao. "I do not know how," said Balitok. said his father. They
talk and talk, and talk straight. he said. He took his spear in hand. said he. "I desire to make peace, but they will not," said Balitok. "Come with me," said the Thunderer. The Thunderer shouted to them. They came
down out of their houses, spears in hand, and carrying their
shields. The Thunderer was angry. shouted he. The Thunderer snorted. He hears a call. He receives the chicken. He chops off its
head. Stay with him. If he goes to get wood,
turn the axe into his body. If he travels, push him off the
steep. If he sleeps, sleep with him. We are to be pitied, alas!" "He was my father," he said. "I had a right to kill him. He had
had his day, and was worse than useless. "Oh, that's the custom of us Kalingas." "I never see it. They have their
own house." But I don't see it. If my children suffer injury, they fight to avenge them. If
my children demand, they stand back of them. He may help them a great deal, but
they rarely cost him much. GLOSSARY [29]
adi, term of negation. agamang, dormitory of the unmarried. aiyag, call, name. alaag, a cooking pot of Chinese origin. alao, duel with lances. ama, father (see Appendix 1). amaon, aunt's husband, etc. ayak, sorcery. baag, facetious or uncalled-for remarks. baal, a hand servant; a household servant. bakid, a "ten"; a half-score. banga, a pot or tobacco pipe. bayaó, a kind of fancy blanket. bobod, a tie, a knot. bubun, the final ceremony of marriage. bultong, a wrestling match; trial by wrestling. Mahui, a synonym,
has the sense of relentless boldness. dangale, funeral feast. di, the article, "of the." dotag, flesh; meat. duyu, a wooden dish. gagaom, funeral shrouds. Many are very old. gibu, fine for marital or postmarital delinquency. goba, arson, burn. gogod, cut, bisect. gulad, intent. habalag, a peg on which articles are hung up. habale, peg or bracket upon which articles are hung. hailiyu, a lesser fine. hakit, hurt, anguish. hibul, treachery. hin, a form of the word oha, meaning "one". honga, a general welfare ceremony. hukup, lid. hulul, exchange. ibuy, ceremony at transfer of ownership of rice field. iho, evil, bad. ina, mother (see Appendix 1). inagagong, a kind of Ifugao blanket. inaon, uncle's wife, etc. inay, exclamation of pain or awe. inlaglaga, bastard. iyao, form of iho. iyu, a form of iho. kalun, advice. kindut, carried under the arm. kolating, harvest feast. kulpe, feast at time rice fields are planted. kumadangyang, to become wealthy. Also called liwa. linutu, cooked. liwa, fee of go-between. See lanad. lupe, interest; increase. mata-na, his eyes. mommon, preliminary marriage ceremony. monbaga, asker, requester. mongatang, seller. monkalun, advocate, adviser. nabungol, jeweled. nadulpig, in addition to; accompanying. na-oha, single; one only; one alone. natauwinan, four at a time. nate, dead. nundopa, the "jumping down from." ohok, sticks or trellis for climbing vines. om, yes; affirmative. ongot, menace; threat. otak, a large knife, universally carried by the Ifugaos. paduldul, comfort; causing consolation. paniyu, taboo. panuyu, mutual accusation, false accusation. paowa, prohibition, truce. piduan, repetition. pinokla, a ceremony to cure wounds. pinohat, carried under the arm. Full
cousins may not marry. pugug, finish; termination. puhu-na, his heart. putu-na, his belly. pu-u, base. tayap, wing. te, because. tokop, the placing beside an article its equivalent. tombok, gossip. tomok, fine for manslaughter, wounds. tulang, brother (see Appendix 1). tumuk, persons of the middle class. tungul, ceremony at the time of placing rice in granaries. ubunana, his seat. ugâ, treachery. ulitao, uncle (see Appendix 1). ulpitan, the placing on each side of an article its equivalent. umuhun, burning off the grass preparatory to spading fields. An empty one, or one abnormally placed is a bad
omen. Needless to say, most omens are good. 33. 75. 105). 141). 4 ff.). [20] Thus A and B, two brothers, are members of the same family until
they marry. He
won.